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power-limited engine

  • 1 нагрузка


    load
    - (нервно-психическая и физическая)workload
    -, асимметричная — unsymmetrical load
    асимметричная нагрузка на самолет может возникнуть при отказе критического двигателя. — the airplane must be designed for unsymmetrical loads resulting from the failure of the critical engine.
    -, аэродинамическая — aerodynamic load
    -, безопасная — safe load
    -, боковая — side load
    для случая боковой нагрузки предполагается что самолет находится в горизонтальном положении при условии касания земли только колесами основных опор. — for the side load condition, the airplane is assumed to be in the level attitude with only the main wheels contacting the ground.
    -, вертикальная — vertical load
    -, вибрационная — vibration load
    -, воздушная — air load
    -, вызванная отказом двигателя, асимметричная — unsymmetrical load due to engine failure
    - генератораgenerator load
    -, гидравлическая — hydraulic load
    -, гироскопическая — gyroscopic load
    -, десантная — air-delivery load
    -, десантная (парашютная) — paradrop load
    -, динамическая — dynamic load
    нагрузка, возникающая при воздействии положительного (ипи отрицательного) ускорения на конструкцию ла. — any load due to acceleration (or deceleration) of an aircraft, and therefore proportional to its mass.
    -, динамическая, при полном вытягивании строп парашюта до наполнения купола — (parachute) deployment shock load the load which occurs when the rigging lines become taut prior to inflation of the canopy.
    -, динамическая, при раскрытии купола парашюта — (parachute) opening shock load

    maximum load developed during rapid inflation of the canopy.
    -, длительная — permanent load
    -, допускаемая прочностью самолета — load not exceeding airplane structural limitations
    -, допустимая — allowable load
    -, знакопеременная — alternate load
    -, индуктивная (эл.) — inductive load
    -, инерционная — inertia load
    -, коммерческая bес пассажиров, груза и багажа. — payload (p/l) weight of passengers, cargo, and baggage.
    - коммерческая, располагаемая — payload available
    -, максимальная коммерческая — maximum payload
    разность между максимальным расчетным весом без топлива и весом пустого снаряженного ла. — maximum design zero fuel weight minus operational empty weight.
    -, максимальная предельная радиальная (на колесо) — maximum radial limit load (rating of each wheel)
    -, максимальная статическая (на колесо) — maximum static load (rating of each wheel)
    -, маневренная — maneuvering load
    -, минимальная расчетная — minimum design load
    при определении минимальных расчетных нагрузок необходимо учитывать влияние возможных усталостных нагрузок и нагрузок от трения и заклинивания. — the minimum design loads must provide а rugged system for service use, including consideration of fatigua, jamming and friction loads.
    -, моментная (напр. поворотного срезного болта водила) — torque load
    - на вал (ротор)shaft (rotor) load
    - на генераторgenerator load
    - на гермокабину (от избыточного давления)pressurized cabin pressure differential load
    конструкция самолета допжна выдерживать полетные нагрузки в сочетании с нагрузками от избыточного давления в гермокабине. — the airplane structure must be strong enough to withstand the flight loads combined with pressure differential loads.
    - на двигательpower load on engine

    prevent too sudden and great power load being thrown on the engine.
    - на единицу площадиload per unit area
    - на колесоwheel load
    - на колонку (или штурвал, ручку) при продольном yправлении — elevator pressure (felt when deflecting control column (wheel or stick)
    - на конструкцию, выраженная в единицах ускорения (статическая и динамическая) — (static and dynamic) loads on structure expressed in g units
    - на крыло, удельная — wing loading
    часть веса самолета, приходящаяся на единицу поверхности крыла и равная частномy от деления полетного веса самолета на площадь крыла. — wing loading is gross weight of aeroplane divided by gross wing area.
    - на лопасть, удельная — blade loading
    - на моторамуload on engine mount
    - на мотораму, боковая — side load on engine mount
    - на мощность, удельная часть веса самолета, приходящаяся на единицу силы тяги, развиваемой его силовой установкой при нормальном режиме работы. — power loading the gross weight of an aircraft divided by the horsepower of the engine(s).
    - на орган управления (усилие)control pressure
    - на орган управления, пропорциональная величине отклонения поверхности управнения — control pressure proportional to amount of control surface deflection
    - на орган управления (штурвал, колонку, ручку управления, педали), создаваемая загрузочным механизмом — control pressure created by feel unit /or spring/
    - на орган управления (штурвал, колонку или педали), создаваемая отклоняемой поверхностью управления — control pressure created by control surface
    - на педали при путевом управленииrudder pressure (felt when deflecting pedals)
    - на площадь, сметаемую несущим винтом — rotor disc loading
    величина подъемной силы (тяги) несущего винта, деленная на площадь ометаемую винтом. — the thrust of the rotor divided by the rotor disc area.
    - на поверхность управления — control surface load, backpressure on control surface
    - на поверхность управления от порыва ветраcontrol surface gust load
    - на поверхность управления, удельная — control surface loading the mean normal force per unit area carried by an aerofoil.
    - на полfloor load
    - на пол, удельная — floor loading
    -, направленная к продольной оси самолета, боковая — inward acting side load
    -, направленная от продольной оси самолета, боковая — outward acting side load
    - на размах, удельная — span loading
    полетный вес самолета, деленный на квадрат размаха крыла. — the gross weight of an airplane divided by the square of the span.
    - на растяжение — tensile load /stress, strain/
    - на руль высоты (усилие при отклонении)backpressure on elevator
    - на руль направления (усилие при отклонении)backpressure on rudder
    - на сжатиеcompression load
    - на систему управленияcontrol system load
    максимальные и минимальные усилия летчика, прикладываемые к органам управления (в условиях полета) и передаваемые в точку крепления проводки управления к рычагу поверхности управления. — the maximum and minimum pilot forces are assumed to act at the appropriate control grips or pads (in a manner simulating flight conditions) and to be reacted at the attachment of the control system to control surface horn.
    - на скручиваниеtorsional load
    - на срезshear load
    - на тягу, удельная — thrust loading
    отношение веса реактивного самолета к тяге, развиваемой его двигателем (двигателями), — the weight-thrust ratio of а jet aircraft expressed as gross weight (in kg) divided by thrust (in kg).
    - на шасси при посадкеground load on the landing gear at touch-down
    - на шину (колеса)load on tire
    - на штурвал (ручку) при управлении no кренуaileron pressure (felt when deflecting control wheel (or stick)
    - на элерон (усилие при отклонении)backpressure on aileron
    -, номинальная (эл.) — rated load
    -, нормальная — normal load
    -, нормальная эксплуатационная (в системах управления) — normal operating load control system load that can be obtained in normal operation.
    -, ограниченная весом, коммерческая (платная) — weight limited payload (wlp)
    коммерческая нагрузка, oграниченная одним наиболее перечисленных ниже): — payload as restricted by the most critical of the following:
    1. взлетным весом снаряженного самолета за вычетом веса пустого снаряженного самолета и минимального запаса расходуемого топлива. — 1. operational takeoff weight minus operational empty weight minus minimum usable fuel.
    2. посадочным весом снаряженного самолета за вычетом веса пустого снаряженнаго самолета и анз топлива. — 2. operational landing weight minus operational empty weight minus flight reserve fuel.
    3. ограничениями по использованию отсеков. данная нагрузка не должна превышать макс. коммерческую нагрузку. — 3. compartment and other related limits. (it must not exceed maximum payload).
    -, ограниченная объемом, коммерческая (платная) — space limited payload (slp)
    нагрузка, ограниченная числом мест, объемными и другими пределами кабины, грузовых и багажных отсеков, — payload as restricted by seating,volumetric, and other related limits of the cabin, cargo, and baggage compartments. (it must not exceed maximum payload).
    -, омическая (эл.) — resistive load
    -, осевая — axial load
    -, основная — basic load
    - от встречного порыва (ветpa)load resulting from encountering head-on gust
    - от заклинивания (подвижных элементов)jamming load
    - от избыточного давления (в гермокабине)pressure differential load
    - от порыва (ветра)gust load
    случай нагружения конструкции самолета, особенного крыла, в результате воздействия на самолет вертикальных и горизонтальных воздушных течений (порывов), — the load condition which is imposed on an airplane, especially the wings, as a result of the airplane's flying into vertical or horizontal air currents.
    - от тренияfriction load
    -, параллельная линия шарниров (узлов подвески поверхностей управления). — load parallel to (control surface) hinge line
    -, переменная (по величине) — varying load, load of variable magnitude
    -, пиковая — peak load
    -, платная (коммерческая) — payload (p/l)
    beс пассажиров, груза и багажа. — weight of passengers, cargo, and baggage.
    -, повторная — repeated load
    расчеты и испытания конструкции должны продемонстрировать ее способность выдерживать повторные переменные нагрузки возможные при эксплуатации. — the structure must be shown by analysis, tests, or both, to be able to withstand the repeated load of variable magnitude expected in service.
    -, погонная — load per unit length
    -, полезная — payload (p/l)
    вес пассажиров, груза, багажа — weight of passengers, cargo, and baggage.
    -, полезная — useful load
    разность между взлетным весом снаряженного и весом пустого снаряженного ла. (включает: коммерческую нагрузку, вырабатываемые топливо и др. жидкости, не входящие в состав снаряжения ла). — difference between operational takeoff weight and operational empty weight. (it includes payload, usable fuel, and other usable fluids not included as operational items).
    -, полетная — flight load
    отношение составляющей аэродинамической силы (действующей перпендикулярно продольной оси самолета) к весу самолета. — flight load factors represent the ratio of the aerodynamic force component (acting normal to the assumed longitudinal axis of the airplane) to the weight of the airplane.
    -, полная — full load
    включает вес экипажа, снаряжения, топлива и полезной нагрузки.
    -, постоянная — permanent load
    - предельная, разрушающая (по терминологии икао) — ultimate load
    -, продольная — longitudinal load
    -, равномерная — uniform load
    -, радиальная эксплуатационная (на каждое колесо шасcи) — radial limit load (rating of each wheel)
    -, разрушающая (расчетная) — ultimate load
    нагрузка, в результате которой возникает, или может возникнуть на основании расчетов, разрушение элемента конструкции. — the load which will, or is computed to, cause failure in any structural member.
    -, разрушающая (способная вызывать разрушение) — destructive load
    торможение может привести к появлению разрушающей нагрузки на переднее колесо. — braking can cause destructive loads on nosewheel.
    -, распределенная — distributed load
    -, рассредоточенная — distributed load
    -, расчетная — ultimate load
    расчетная нагрузка опрелеляется как произведение эксплуатационной нагрузки на коэффициент безопасности. — ultimate load is the limit load multiplied by the prescribed factor of safety.
    -, расчетная (по терминологии икао) — proof load
    -, расчетная (по усилиям в системе управления) — design load design loads are accepted in the absence of a rational analysis.
    -, скручивающая — torsional load
    -, служебная — operational items /load/
    включает экипаж, парашюты, кислородное оборудование экипажа, масло для двигателей и невырабатываемое топливо. — includes: crew, parachutes, crew's oxygen equipment, engine oil, unusable fuel.
    -, служебная (стандартная) — standard items
    служебная нагрузка может включать: нерасходуемые топливо и жидкости, масло для двигателей, огнетушители, аварийное кислородное оборудоавние, конструкции в буфете, дополнительное электронное оборудование. — may include, unusable fuel and other fluids, engine oil, toilet fluid, fire extinguishers, emergency oxygen equipment, structure in galley, buffet, supplementary electronic equipment.
    - снаряженного (самолета)operational load
    -, сосредоточенная — concentrated load
    -, статическая — static load
    постоянно действующая нагрузка, постепенно возрастающая от нуля до своего максимума при нулевом ускорении. — а stationary load or one that is gradually increased from zero to its maximum. it is an unaccelerated basic load.
    -, суммарная — total load
    -, ударная — impact load
    -, уравновешивающая — balancing load
    -, усталостная — fatigue load
    -, фрикционная — friction load
    -, центробежная (на ротор) — centrifugal loading (on rotor)
    -, частичная — partial load
    -, чрезмерная — overload(ing)
    -, эксплуатационная — limit load
    максимальная нагрузка, воздействующая на самолет в эксплуатации, — the strength requirements are specified in terms of limit loads (the maximum loads to be expected in service).
    -, эксплуатационная нормальная (на систему управления) — normal operating load, load obtained in normal operationtained in normal operation
    -, электрическая — (electrical) load
    весовая отдача по полезной н. — useful load-to-takeoff weight ratio
    зависимость платной н. от дальности полета — payload-range curve
    под н. — under load
    при установившемся режиме работы с полной н. — at steady full-load conditions
    распределение н. — load distribution
    точка приложения н. — point of load application
    характеристика н. — load characteristic
    включать (эл.) н. — activate load
    включать (эл.) н. на генератор, (аккумулятор) — apply load to (generator, battery)
    воспринимать н. — take up load
    выдерживать н. — withstand /support/ load
    испытывать h. — be subjected to load
    нести h. — carry load
    передавать н. — transmit load
    подключать (эл.) н. к... — apply load to...
    прикладывать — apply load to...
    работать без н. (об электродвигателе, преобразователе) — run unloaded
    сбрасывать (эл.) н. — deactivate load
    снимать н. (руля высоты) — relieve elevator pressure, adjust elevator trim tab, relieve pressure by adjusting elevator trim control
    создавать (маханическую) н. — impose load on...
    устанавливать за счет платной h. — install (smth) with payload penalty

    Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > нагрузка

  • 2 Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)

    [br]
    b. 14 June 1890 Little Shasta, California, USA
    d. 3 May 1969 California, USA
    [br]
    American pioneer of diesel rail traction.
    [br]
    Orphaned as a child, Hamilton went to work for Southern Pacific Railroad in his teens, and then worked for several other companies. In his spare time he learned mathematics and physics from a retired professor. In 1911 he joined the White Motor Company, makers of road motor vehicles in Denver, Colorado, where he had gone to recuperate from malaria. He remained there until 1922, apart from an eighteenth-month break for war service.
    Upon his return from war service, Hamilton found White selling petrol-engined railbuses with mechanical transmission, based on road vehicles, to railways. He noted that they were not robust enough and that the success of petrol railcars with electric transmission, built by General Electric since 1906, was limited as they were complex to drive and maintain. In 1922 Hamilton formed, and became President of, the Electro- Motive Engineering Corporation (later Electro-Motive Corporation) to design and produce petrol-electric rail cars. Needing an engine larger than those used in road vehicles, yet lighter and faster than marine engines, he approached the Win ton Engine Company to develop a suitable engine; in addition, General Electric provided electric transmission with a simplified control system. Using these components, Hamilton arranged for his petrol-electric railcars to be built by the St Louis Car Company, with the first being completed in 1924. It was the beginning of a highly successful series. Fuel costs were lower than for steam trains and initial costs were kept down by using standardized vehicles instead of designing for individual railways. Maintenance costs were minimized because Electro-Motive kept stocks of spare parts and supplied replacement units when necessary. As more powerful, 800 hp (600 kW) railcars were produced, railways tended to use them to haul trailer vehicles, although that practice reduced the fuel saving. By the end of the decade Electro-Motive needed engines more powerful still and therefore had to use cheap fuel. Diesel engines of the period, such as those that Winton had made for some years, were too heavy in relation to their power, and too slow and sluggish for rail use. Their fuel-injection system was erratic and insufficiently robust and Hamilton concluded that a separate injector was needed for each cylinder.
    In 1930 Electro-Motive Corporation and Winton were acquired by General Motors in pursuance of their aim to develop a diesel engine suitable for rail traction, with the use of unit fuel injectors; Hamilton retained his position as President. At this time, industrial depression had combined with road and air competition to undermine railway-passenger business, and Ralph Budd, President of the Chicago, Burlington \& Quincy Railroad, thought that traffic could be recovered by way of high-speed, luxury motor trains; hence the Pioneer Zephyr was built for the Burlington. This comprised a 600 hp (450 kW), lightweight, two-stroke, diesel engine developed by General Motors (model 201 A), with electric transmission, that powered a streamlined train of three articulated coaches. This train demonstrated its powers on 26 May 1934 by running non-stop from Denver to Chicago, a distance of 1,015 miles (1,635 km), in 13 hours and 6 minutes, when the fastest steam schedule was 26 hours. Hamilton and Budd were among those on board the train, and it ushered in an era of high-speed diesel trains in the USA. By then Hamilton, with General Motors backing, was planning to use the lightweight engine to power diesel-electric locomotives. Their layout was derived not from steam locomotives, but from the standard American boxcar. The power plant was mounted within the body and powered the bogies, and driver's cabs were at each end. Two 900 hp (670 kW) engines were mounted in a single car to become an 1,800 hp (l,340 kW) locomotive, which could be operated in multiple by a single driver to form a 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) locomotive. To keep costs down, standard locomotives could be mass-produced rather than needing individual designs for each railway, as with steam locomotives. Two units of this type were completed in 1935 and sent on trial throughout much of the USA. They were able to match steam locomotive performance, with considerable economies: fuel costs alone were halved and there was much less wear on the track. In the same year, Electro-Motive began manufacturing diesel-electrie locomotives at La Grange, Illinois, with design modifications: the driver was placed high up above a projecting nose, which improved visibility and provided protection in the event of collision on unguarded level crossings; six-wheeled bogies were introduced, to reduce axle loading and improve stability. The first production passenger locomotives emerged from La Grange in 1937, and by early 1939 seventy units were in service. Meanwhile, improved engines had been developed and were being made at La Grange, and late in 1939 a prototype, four-unit, 5,400 hp (4,000 kW) diesel-electric locomotive for freight trains was produced and sent out on test from coast to coast; production versions appeared late in 1940. After an interval from 1941 to 1943, when Electro-Motive produced diesel engines for military and naval use, locomotive production resumed in quantity in 1944, and within a few years diesel power replaced steam on most railways in the USA.
    Hal Hamilton remained President of Electro-Motive Corporation until 1942, when it became a division of General Motors, of which he became Vice-President.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    P.M.Reck, 1948, On Time: The History of the Electro-Motive Division of General Motors Corporation, La Grange, Ill.: General Motors (describes Hamilton's career).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Hamilton, Harold Lee (Hal)

  • 3 Trevithick, Richard

    [br]
    b. 13 April 1771 Illogan, Cornwall, England
    d. 22 April 1833 Dartford, Kent, England
    [br]
    English engineer, pioneer of non-condensing steam-engines; designed and built the first locomotives.
    [br]
    Trevithick's father was a tin-mine manager, and Trevithick himself, after limited formal education, developed his immense engineering talent among local mining machinery and steam-engines and found employment as a mining engineer. Tall, strong and high-spirited, he was the eternal optimist.
    About 1797 it occurred to him that the separate condenser patent of James Watt could be avoided by employing "strong steam", that is steam at pressures substantially greater than atmospheric, to drive steam-engines: after use, steam could be exhausted to the atmosphere and the condenser eliminated. His first winding engine on this principle came into use in 1799, and subsequently such engines were widely used. To produce high-pressure steam, a stronger boiler was needed than the boilers then in use, in which the pressure vessel was mounted upon masonry above the fire: Trevithick designed the cylindrical boiler, with furnace tube within, from which the Cornish and later the Lancashire boilers evolved.
    Simultaneously he realized that high-pressure steam enabled a compact steam-engine/boiler unit to be built: typically, the Trevithick engine comprised a cylindrical boiler with return firetube, and a cylinder recessed into the boiler. No beam intervened between connecting rod and crank. A master patent was taken out.
    Such an engine was well suited to driving vehicles. Trevithick built his first steam-carriage in 1801, but after a few days' use it overturned on a rough Cornish road and was damaged beyond repair by fire. Nevertheless, it had been the first self-propelled vehicle successfully to carry passengers. His second steam-carriage was driven about the streets of London in 1803, even more successfully; however, it aroused no commercial interest. Meanwhile the Coalbrookdale Company had started to build a locomotive incorporating a Trevithick engine for its tramroads, though little is known of the outcome; however, Samuel Homfray's ironworks at Penydarren, South Wales, was already building engines to Trevithick's design, and in 1804 Trevithick built one there as a locomotive for the Penydarren Tramroad. In this, and in the London steam-carriage, exhaust steam was turned up the chimney to draw the fire. On 21 February the locomotive hauled five wagons with 10 tons of iron and seventy men for 9 miles (14 km): it was the first successful railway locomotive.
    Again, there was no commercial interest, although Trevithick now had nearly fifty stationary engines completed or being built to his design under licence. He experimented with one to power a barge on the Severn and used one to power a dredger on the Thames. He became Engineer to a project to drive a tunnel beneath the Thames at Rotherhithe and was only narrowly defeated, by quicksands. Trevithick then set up, in 1808, a circular tramroad track in London and upon it demonstrated to the admission-fee-paying public the locomotive Catch me who can, built to his design by John Hazledine and J.U. Rastrick.
    In 1809, by which date Trevithick had sold all his interest in the steam-engine patent, he and Robert Dickinson, in partnership, obtained a patent for iron tanks to hold liquid cargo in ships, replacing the wooden casks then used, and started to manufacture them. In 1810, however, he was taken seriously ill with typhus for six months and had to return to Cornwall, and early in 1811 the partners were bankrupt; Trevithick was discharged from bankruptcy only in 1814.
    In the meantime he continued as a steam engineer and produced a single-acting steam engine in which the cut-off could be varied to work the engine expansively by way of a three-way cock actuated by a cam. Then, in 1813, Trevithick was approached by a representative of a company set up to drain the rich but flooded silver-mines at Cerro de Pasco, Peru, at an altitude of 14,000 ft (4,300 m). Low-pressure steam engines, dependent largely upon atmospheric pressure, would not work at such an altitude, but Trevithick's high-pressure engines would. Nine engines and much other mining plant were built by Hazledine and Rastrick and despatched to Peru in 1814, and Trevithick himself followed two years later. However, the war of independence was taking place in Peru, then a Spanish colony, and no sooner had Trevithick, after immense difficulties, put everything in order at the mines then rebels arrived and broke up the machinery, for they saw the mines as a source of supply for the Spanish forces. It was only after innumerable further adventures, during which he encountered and was assisted financially by Robert Stephenson, that Trevithick eventually arrived home in Cornwall in 1827, penniless.
    He petitioned Parliament for a grant in recognition of his improvements to steam-engines and boilers, without success. He was as inventive as ever though: he proposed a hydraulic power transmission system; he was consulted over steam engines for land drainage in Holland; and he suggested a 1,000 ft (305 m) high tower of gilded cast iron to commemorate the Reform Act of 1832. While working on steam propulsion of ships in 1833, he caught pneumonia, from which he died.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Trevithick took out fourteen patents, solely or in partnership, of which the most important are: 1802, Construction of Steam Engines, British patent no. 2,599. 1808, Stowing Ships' Cargoes, British patent no. 3,172.
    Further Reading
    H.W.Dickinson and A.Titley, 1934, Richard Trevithick. The Engineer and the Man, Cambridge; F.Trevithick, 1872, Life of Richard Trevithick, London (these two are the principal biographies).
    E.A.Forward, 1952, "Links in the history of the locomotive", The Engineer (22 February), 226 (considers the case for the Coalbrookdale locomotive of 1802).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Trevithick, Richard

  • 4 Reynolds, Edwin

    [br]
    b. 1831 Mansfield, Connecticut, USA
    d. 1909 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
    [br]
    American contributor to the development of the Corliss valve steam engine, including the "Manhattan" layout.
    [br]
    Edwin Reynolds grew up at a time when formal engineering education in America was almost unavailable, but through his genius and his experience working under such masters as G.H. Corliss and William Wright, he developed into one of the best mechanical engineers in the country. When he was Plant Superintendent for the Corliss Steam Engine Company, he built the giant Corliss valve steam engine displayed at the 1876 Centennial Exhibition. In July 1877 he left the Corliss Steam Engine Company to join Edward Allis at his Reliance Works, although he was offered a lower salary. In 1861 Allis had moved his business to the Menomonee Valley, where he had the largest foundry in the area. Immediately on his arrival with Allis, Reynolds began desig-ning and building the "Reliance-Corliss" engine, which becamea symbol of simplicity, economy and reliability. By early 1878 the new engine was so successful that the firm had a six-month backlog of orders. In 1888 he built the first triple-expansion waterworks-pumping engine in the United States for the city of Milwaukee, and in the same year he patented a new design of blowing engine for blast furnaces. He followed this in March 1892 with the first steam engine sets coupled directly to electric generators when Allis-Chalmers contracted to build two Corliss cross-compound engines for the Narragansett Light Company of Providence, Rhode Island. In 1893, one of the impressive attractions at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago was the 3,000 hp (2,200 kW) quadruple-expansion Reynolds-Corliss engine designed by Reynolds, who continued to make significant improvements and gained worldwide recognition of his outstanding achievements in engine building.
    Reynolds was asked to go to New York in 1898 for consultation about some high-horsepower engines for the Manhattan transport system. There, 225 railway locomotives were to be replaced by electric trains, which would be supplied from one generating station producing 60,000 hp (45,000 kW). Reynolds sketched out his ideas for 10,000 hp (7,500 kW) engines while on the train. Because space was limited, he suggested a four-cylinder design with two horizontal-high-pressure cylinders and two vertical, low-pressure ones. One cylinder of each type was placed on each side of the flywheel generator, which with cranks at 135° gave an exceptionally smooth-running compact engine known as the "Manhattan". A further nine similar engines that were superheated and generated three-phase current were supplied in 1902 to the New York Interborough Rapid Transit Company. These were the largest reciprocating steam engines built for use on land, and a few smaller ones with a similar layout were installed in British textile mills.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Concise Dictionary of American Biography, 1964, New York: C.Scribner's Sons (contains a brief biography).
    R.L.Hills, 1989, Power from Steam. A History of the Stationary Steam Engine, Cambridge University Press (provides a brief account of the Manhattan engines) Part of the information for this biography is derived from a typescript in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC: T.H.Fehring, "Technological contributions of Milwaukee's Menomonee Valley industries".
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Reynolds, Edwin

  • 5 غير

    غَيْر \ another: a different one: We’ll go there another time. If this hat does not fit, try another. besides: as well as: I have two brothers besides John.. other: (in comparisons) different: He likes French cigarettes and won’t smoke any other kind. This side is dry; the other side is wet. I can’t do it now; I have other things to do. short of: less than; other than: Nothing short of a new government will save the country. un-: giving an opposite sense: ‘Unlikely’ means ‘not likely’. \ See Also آخر (آخَر)‏ \ غَيْرُ أَجْوَف \ solid: not hollow: without holes: a solid rubber ball. \ See Also صلب (صُلْب)‏ \ غَيْرُ أَكيد \ faint: (of thoughts and feelings) weak; uncertain: I haven’t the faintest idea where she is. uncertain: not certain doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. Our holiday plans are still uncertain, we haven’t decided where to go. The weather is uncertain - it may rain soon. \ See Also ضعيف (ضَعِيف)، غير مؤكّد \ غَيْرُ أمْلَس \ rough: not smooth: a rough road; a rough surface. \ غَيْرُ آمن \ insecure: not safe; not supported or able to support other things: Be careful of that door - the lock is very insecure. \ غَيْرُ أُمِّيّ \ literate: able to read and write. \ غَيْرَ أنَّ \ but: yet: He came but she did not. I need food but I have no money to buy any. She is thin but strong. only: but: She wanted to buy it, only she had no money. \ غَيْرُ أهل للثّقة \ suspect: not trustworthy; possibly the cause of trouble: a rather suspect character. \ غَيْرُ بالِغ \ immature: not fully formed or developed. \ غَيْرُ بهيج \ dull: (of weather or colour) not clean or bright; cloudy: a dull day; a dull blue. \ غَيْرُ جاهز للعَمَل \ out of training: not in good condition. \ غَيْرُ جَمِيل \ plain: (of people) not good-looking: He was a nice boy, but rather plain and not very clever. \ غَيْرُ جَمِيل \ homely: (of people, faces, etc.) not goodlooking. \ See Also جذاب (جذّاب)‏ \ غَيْرُ حادّ \ dull: (of the senses) not sharp: a dull pain. \ غَيْرُ حَذِر \ unwary: (esp. as a noun with the) careless; not looking out for danger or deceit: ‘Easy’ questions in an exam are often a trap for the unwary (or for unwary people). \ غَيْرُ حقيقي \ unreal: imaginary; not related to facts. \ غَيْرُ دقيق \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. \ غَيْرُ ذلك \ else: other (together with the first one); besides: Who else came? Did you look anywhere else, or only under the bed?, other (instead of the first one); instead Let’s talk about something else. Peter was ill, so someone else came. If there’s no coffee, what else can I drink?. otherwise: differently: I thought it was true, but they thought otherwise. \ غَيْرُ رَسْمِيّ \ informal: without ceremony or special dress: The prince paid an informal visit to the town. private: not official; not concerning one’s work; concerning one’s home and family: In his private life, the actor is rather quiet, although in the play he is loud and angry. \ غَيْرُ سَارّ \ bad, worse, worst: (of news, weather, etc.) unpleasant. \ غَيْرُ سالِك \ impassable: (of roads) unfit for use; blocked (by snow, mud, etc.). \ غَيْرُ سَكران \ sober: not under the control of alcohol; not drunk: A car driver ought to be sober. \ غَيْرُ سليمة \ broken, break: (of language) incorrectly spoken by a foreigner: broken English. \ غَيْرُ شَرْعِيّ \ illegal: against the law: A crime is an illegal act. illegitimate: (of a child) born to a mother who is not married. \ غَيْرُ شريف \ crooked: dishonest. \ غَيْرُ شَفّاف \ opaque: not allowing light to pass through it: opaque glass. \ غَيْرُ صافٍ \ gross: (of figures or amounts) whole, before subtracting anything; the opposite of net: Your gross pay is the amount before tax is paid. \ غَيْرُ صَالِح للاستعمال \ out of order: not working: I couldn’t ring you up yesterday because our telephone was out of order. \ غَيْرُ صالح للأَكل \ inedible: not fit to eat. \ غَيْرُ صَالِح لِلْعَمَل \ out of action: not working; out of order: This telephone is out of action. \ غَيْرُ صِحّي \ insanitary: so dirty that health is put at risk: an insanitary kitchen. \ غَيْرُ صحيح \ false: wrong; incorrect: a false idea. \ غَيْرُ صَحيح \ unsound: not in good condition, not satisfactory: unsound teeth; an unsound explanation. \ See Also سَليم \ غَيْرُ ضَارّ \ harmless: causing no harm; gentle: A lamb is a harmless creature. Is this insect poison harmless to people?. \ غَيْرُ ضروريّ \ needless: useless; unnecessary (trouble, expense etc.). \ غَيْرُ طاهر \ impure: not pure. \ غَيْرُ طَبيعِيّ \ artificial: adj. (of teeth, light, silk, etc.) not natural; made by man. False: not natural: false teeth. weird: very strange. \ غَيْرُ عَادِيّ \ abnormal: different from what is natural or usual: It is abnormal to have only 3 fingers on one hand. exceptional: unusual: That book is an exeptional one. It was an exceptionally hot summer. peculiar: unusual strange. remarkable: surprising; unusual and worth noticing: a remarkable change; a remarkably goodlooking child. unusual: not usual; strange. \ غَيْرُ عالِم بِـ \ ignorant of: not having heard about (a particular thing): I was ignorant of his plans. \ غَيْرُ عَمَليّ \ theoretical: adj. of theories; not learned from experience; supposed; not proved: I have only a theoretical knowledge of cooking from reading cookery books. \ غَيْرُ فَعّال \ inefficient: not working well; wasting time or power: Old machines are often inefficient. He is an inefficient clerk. \ غَيْرُ قابل للتصديق (غير معقول)‏ \ incredible: too strange to be believed; unbelievable: an incredible story. \ غَيْرُ قادِر \ incapable: not able to do sth.; not having the power or nature to do sth.: flowers are incapable of growing without light. She is incapable of being unkind to people. \ غَيْرُ قادِر على الحركة \ numb: having no feeling: My fingers were numb with cold. \ غَيْرُ قانونيّ \ illegal: against the law: A crime is an illegal act. wrongful: unjust; unlawful: wrongful imprisonment. \ غَيْرُ كافٍ \ insufficient: not enough (in power, ability, etc.): insufficient knowledge; insufficient food. lacking: missing: The bread was enough but the butter was lacking. scanty: (of a supply, of clothing, etc.) very small; not enough: He was too scantily dressed to keep warm. \ غَيْرُ كامِل \ incomplete: not complete; not perfect: This piece of work is incomplete - please finish it. His explanation is incomplete - it doesn’t explain all the facts. \ غَيْرُ كَثِيف \ sparse: thinly scattered: sparse hair; sparse grass. \ غَيْرُ كُفْء \ inefficient: not working well; wasting time or power: Old machines are often inefficient. He is an inefficient clerk. \ غَيْرُ لائق \ beneath sb.’s dignity: unsuitable for sb. to do: It was beneath the teacher’s dignity to sweep the classroom. improper: not proper; unsuitable; not polite: improper behaviour. \ غَيْرُ لَبِق \ awkward: (of manner or movement) showing difficulty; not skilful: He is too awkward on his feet to be a dancer. tactless: showing no understanding or skill in dealing with others: a tactless person; a tactless statement. \ غَيْرُ مُؤَدَّب \ impolite: not polite; rude. \ غَيْرُ مُؤذٍ \ innocent: harmless: innocent amusements. \ غَيْرُ مؤكَّد \ uncertain: not certain; doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. Our holiday plans are still uncertain, we haven’t decided where to go. The weather is uncertain - it may rain soon. \ غَيْرُ مُؤلم \ painless: causing no pain. \ غَيْرُ مأْلوف \ queer: strange, unusually and not understood: a queer noise. uncouth: lacking good manners; strange in one’s appearance: It is uncouth to push your knife into your mouth when eating. Modern young men don’t condiser it uncouth to wear their hair long. \ غَيْرُ مَأْهول \ desert: (of an island) with nobody living on it. wild: (of plants, creatures, land, etc.) in a natural state, not under the control of man. \ غَيْرُ مُبَاشِر \ indirect: not straight or directly joined to; meaning something which is not directly said: an indirect road; the indirect result of an action; an indirect answer. \ غَيْرُ مُبَالٍ \ indifferent: not caring; not interested: He was quite indifferent to his children’s troubles. \ غَيْرُ مَبْتُوت بأمْرِه \ pending: (of a doubtful matter, esp. in court) not yet settled. \ غَيْرُ مُبْهَم \ definite: certain; clear: a definite promise; a definite plan of action. \ غَيْرُ متأكِّد \ in doubt: uncertain: When in doubt, ask your father. \ غَيْرُ مُتَجَانِس \ odd: mixed; different from each other: a boxful of odd tools; two odd shoes (not a pair). \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَرِّك \ stationary: not moving: a stationary vehicle. \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَفِّظ \ outspoken: (of sb. or his speech) saying just what one thinks, although it may annoy some people. \ غَيْرُ مُتَحَمِّس \ cool: unfriendly; They gave us rather a cool welcome. \ غَيْرُ متحمّس لِـ \ half-hearted: not eager; showing little effort or interest: He made a half-hearted attempt at the work. \ غَيْرُ مُتَرَابِط \ scrappy: made of scraps; incomplete; badly arranged: a scrappy meal; a scrappy report. \ غَيْرُ مُتَّصِل \ intermittent: repeatedly stopping and starting; not continuous: intermittent rain. \ غَيْرُ مُتَّصِل بِـ \ irrelevant: not concerned with, not in any way related to the subject: If you are appointing a good teacher, his height is quite irrelevant. \ غَيْرُ مُتَطَرِّف \ moderate: reasonable (in size or amount; in one’s customs or opinions, etc.); neither too big nor too small; neither too much nor too little: moderate prices; moderate political aims. \ غَيْرُ مُتقَن \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. \ غَيْرُ مُتْقَن (للشيء أو العمل)‏ \ sloppy: (of a person) lacking effort or spirit; weakly lazy; (of a substance) wet and loose: a sloppy piece of work; a sloppy paste. \ غَيْرُ مُتَكَلّف \ homely: simple and friendly; making one feel at home: This little hotel has a homely feeling. \ غَيْرُ مُتَمدِّن (إنسان)‏ \ savage: old use sb. living in an undeveloped society, seen as fierce and wild and likely to attack strangers. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَازِن \ top-heavy: so heavy at the top that it is likely to fall over: a top heavy load. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَافر \ out of stock: not in stock. \ غَيْرُ مُتَوَقَّع \ abrupt: (of movement, change, etc.) sudden and unexpected: an abrupt change of plan. unexpected: not expected; surprising that one did not think would happen: an unexpected present; something quite unexpected. \ غَيْرُ مُجْدٍ \ vain: useless; unsuccessful: a vain attempt. ineffective: not able to produce the desired effect: This medicine is quite ineffective. \ غَيْرُ مُحْتَرِف \ amateur: one who works or plays for pleasure, not for money: an amateur actor. \ غَيْرُ مُحْتَمَل \ improbable: not likely to happen: That is an improbable idea. intolerable: (of heat, annoyance, rudeness, etc.) more than one can bear. \ غَيْرُ مُحَدَّد \ indefinite: adj. not clear; not fixed in time: indefinite ideas; at an indefinite date. \ غَيْرُ مَحْدُود \ infinite: endless; not measurable: I have infinite faith in his abilities. This is infinitely better than that. The infinite space of the sky. whole-hearted: full, unlimited, eager and willing: His plan had their whole-hearted support. \ غَيْرُ مُدْرِك \ unaware: not knowing: I was unaware of all the facts. He was unaware of the danger he was in. \ غَيْرُ مَرْئيّ \ invisible: unable to be seen: The sun remained invisible behind the heavy clouds. unseen: not seen; without being seen: The prisoner escaped unseen. \ غَيْرُ مُرَاعٍ لشُعور الآخرين \ thoughtless: careless; not troubling about the future or about other people: a thoughtless waste of money; thoughtless cruelty. \ غَيْرُ مَرْبُوط \ undone: not done finished; no longer fastened: He left half the work undone. Your shoe has came undone. \ غَيْرُ مَرْبُوط \ loose: not tied; not contained in sth.: The sweets were sold loose, not packed in tins. \ See Also مقيد (مُقيَّد)‏ \ غَيْرُ مُرْتاح \ uneasy: anxious, uncomfortable. \ غَيْرُ مُرَتَّب \ dishevelled: (of a person’s appearance, esp. hair) untidy. \ غَيْرُ مُرَكَّز \ watery: like water; containing too much water: watery milk. weak: (of liquids like tea or coffee) lacking taste or strength, because of too much water or milk. \ غَيْرُ مُريح \ inconvenient: causing difficulty; not what suits one: That is an inconvenient time to visit me. uncomfortable: not comfortable: This chair is very uncomfortable. I’m very uncomfortable in it. \ غَيْرُ مَسْؤُول \ irresponsible: doing foolish things without thinking of the probable results; not trustworthy: It was irresponsible of you to give the child a box of matches to play with. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَحَبّ \ unpleasant: not pleasing or enjoyable; (of people) wanting to quarrel; unkind: What an unpleasant smell! The heat of summer can be very unpleasant. That man was rather unpleasant to me. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَخْدَم \ obsolete: no longer used; out of date: an obsolete word; an obsolete custom. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَعْمَل \ archaic: very old; (esp. of words) no longer used. \ غَيْرُ مُسْتَوٍ \ irregular: not regular; uneven: irregular visits; an irregular shape. rugged: rough and rocky: a rugged coast; rugged cliffs. \ غَيْرُ مُسْرَج \ bareback: (in riding horses, etc.) without a proper leather seat: The boys rode bareback. \ غَيْرُ مُسْكِر (للشَّراب)‏ \ soft: (of drinks) not alcoholic. \ غَيْرُ مَشْرُوع \ foul: (in sport) disobeying the rules: Foul play. The whistle was blown for a foul. \ غَيْرُ مشغول \ free: not busy; not in use: If you’re free this evening, let’s go to the cinema. Is this seat free?. \ غَيْرُ مُصابٍ بِأَذى \ intact: not touched; not damaged or broken; complete: The box was broken but the contents were intact. \ غَيْرُ مَصْقول \ rough: not carefully made; not properly finished; not exact: a rough drawing; a rough guess. coarse: (of people and their manners) rough; rude: a coarse fellow; a coarse laugh. \ غَيْرُ مُصَنَّع \ crude: in its natural state: crude oil. \ غَيْرُ مَصْنُوع \ undone: not done finished; no longer fastened: He left half the work undone. Your shoe has come undone. \ See Also منجز (مُنْجَز)‏ \ غَيْرُ مطبوخ \ raw: uncooked: raw meat. \ غَيْرُ مُطْلَق \ relative: comparative: the relative values of gold and iron. \ غَيْرُ مُعَدّ \ rambling: (of speeches, stories, etc.) not planned; wandering aimlessly: He wrote a long rambling letter about his troubles. \ غَيْرُ مُعَشَّق \ out of gear: with the engine separated from the driving wheels. \ غَيْرُ مُعَقَّد \ simple: plain; not fine or grand: We lead a simple life in the country. \ See Also منمق (مُنَمَّق)، متكلف (مُتَكَلَّف)‏ \ غَيْرُ مَعْقُول \ absurd: not at all sensible; foolish: The singer’s absurd clothes made us laugh. \ غَيْرُ مُغَطّى \ naked: not protected by a cover: naked sword; a naked light (whose flame is therefore dangerous). \ غَيْرُ مُفيد \ useless: worthless; fulfilling no purpose; without effect. \ غَيْرُ مَقْرُوء \ illegible: difficult or impossible to read (because the letters or figures cannot be clearly seen). \ غَيْرُ مُقَيَّد \ open: not limited: The next race is open to children of any age. It’s an open race. \ غَيْرُ مُقَيَّد \ wanton: carelessly uncontrolled;with no good reason; wild or playful, with bad resutls: Wanton behaviour causes wanton damage. \ غَيْرُ مُكْتَرِث \ careless: not taking care: Careless drivers cause accidents. indifferent: not caring; not interested: He was quite indifferent to his children’s troubles. \ غَيْرُ مُكْتَرَث بِه \ perfunctory: done with little interest or care: a perfunctory piece of work. \ غَيْرُ مُلائِم \ adverse: unfavourable: an adverse report; adverse winds that delay sailing. improper: not proper; unsuitable; not polite: improper behaviour. inconvenient: causing difficulty; not what suits one: That is an inconvenient time to visit me. \ غَيْرُ مُمطِر \ dry: not wet; with no rain; with no water: a dry cloth; dry weather; a dry river. \ غَيْرُ ممكِن \ impossible: not possible. \ غَيْرُ مُمَيّز \ indiscriminate: not choosing carefully: He invited people indiscriminately to his party. \ غَيْرُ مناسب \ wrong: not correct; mistaken; unsuitable: That’s the wrong answer, and the wrong way to do it. She came in the wrong clothes for riding. \ See Also ملائم (مُلائِم)‏ \ غَيْرُ مُنْطَبِق على \ irrelevant: not concerned with, not in any way related to the subject: If you are appointing a good teacher, his height is quite irrelevant. \ غَيْرُ مُنَظَّم \ random: not planned, not regular: random visits to the city. \ See Also غَيْر مُخَطَّط \ غَيْرُ مَنْظُور \ unseen: not seen; without being seen: The prisoner escaped unseen. \ غَيْرُ مُهْتَمّ به \ perfunctory: done with little interest or care: a perfunctory piece of work. \ غَيْرُ مُهَذَّب \ impolite: not polite; rude. uncouth: lacking good manners; strange in one’s appearance: It is uncouth to push your knife into your mouth when eating. Modern young men don’t condiser it uncouth to wear their hair long. \ غَيْرُ مَوْثوق \ irresponsible: doing foolish things without thinking of the probable results; not trustworthy: It was irresponsible of you to give the child a box of matches to play with. suspect: not trustworthy; possibly the cause of trouble: a rather suspect character. \ غَيْرُ مُوجِع \ painless: causing no pain. \ غَيْرُ موجُود \ lacking: missing: The bread was enough but the butter was lacking. \ غَيْرُ مَوْصُول بالمُحَرِّك \ out of gear: with the engine separated from the driving wheels. \ غَيْرُ ناضج \ immature: not fully formed or developed. \ غَيْرُ نِظاميّ \ irregular: not regular; uneven: irregular visits; an irregular shape. \ غَيْرُ نَقِيّ \ cloudy: (of liquids) not clear. impure: not pure. \ غَيْرُ واثِق \ uncertain: not certain doubtful; undecided; changeable: I’m uncertain what time he’s coming. \ غَيْرُ واثِق من نفْسه \ insecure: feeling afraid and not sure of oneself: He’s a very insecure person, and so he always thinks other people don’t like him. \ غَيْرُ واضِح \ dull: (of the senses) not sharp: a dull pain. vague: not clearly seen or expressed or understood; (of people) having no clear ideas: She made a vague statement. He’s rather vague about his duties. \ غَيْرُ واقعي \ fictitious: imagined; not a fact; not true: a fictitious character in a book. \ غَيْرُ وِدّي \ icy: (of a voice or manner) very cold; very unfriendly. cold: unfriendly: a cold welcome; a cold heart.

    Arabic-English dictionary > غير

  • 6 Ellehammer, Jacob Christian Hansen

    SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace
    [br]
    b. 14 June 1871 South Zealand, Denmark
    d. b. 20 May 1946 Copenhagen, Denmark
    [br]
    Danish inventor who took out some four hundred patents for his inventions, including aircraft.
    [br]
    Flying kites as a boy aroused Ellehammer's interest in aeronautics, and he developed a kite that could lift him off the ground. After completing an apprenticeship, he started his own manufacturing business, whose products included motor cycles. He experimented with model aircraft as a sideline and used his mo tor-cycle experience to build an aero engine during 1903–4. It had three cylinders radiating from the crankshaft, making it, in all probability, the world's first air-cooled radial engine. Ellehammer built his first full-size aircraft in 1905 and tested it in January 1906. It ran round a circular track, was tethered to a central mast and was unmanned. A more powerful engine was needed, and by September Ellehammer had improved his engine so that it was capable of lifting him for a tethered flight. In 1907 Ellehammer produced a new five-cylinder radial engine and installed it in the first manned tri-plane, which made a number of free-flight hops. Various wing designs were tested and during 1908–9 Ellehammer developed yet another radial engine, which had six cylinders arranged in two rows of three. Ellehammer's engines had a very good power-to-weight ratio, but his aircraft designs lacked an understanding of control; consequently, he never progressed beyond short hops in a straight line. In 1912 he built a helicopter with contra-rotating rotors that was a limited success. Ellehammer turned his attention to his other interests, but if he had concentrated on his excellent engines he might have become a major aero engine manufacturer.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1931, Jeg fløj [I Flew], Copenhagen (Ellehammer's memoirs).
    Further Reading
    C.H.Gibbs-Smith, 1965, The Invention of the Aeroplane 1799–1909, London (contains concise information on Ellehammer's aircraft and their performance).
    J.H.Parkin, 1964, Bell and Baldwin, Toronto (provides more detailed descriptions).
    JDS

    Biographical history of technology > Ellehammer, Jacob Christian Hansen

  • 7 Roebuck, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology
    [br]
    b. 1718 Sheffield, England
    d. 17 July 1794
    [br]
    English chemist and manufacturer, inventor of the lead-chamber process for sulphuric acid.
    [br]
    The son of a prosperous Sheffield manufacturer, Roebuck forsook the family business to pursue studies in medicine at Edinburgh University. There he met Dr Joseph Black (1727–99), celebrated Professor of Chemistry, who aroused in Roebuck a lasting interest in chemistry. Roebuck continued his studies at Leyden, where he took his medical degree in 1742. He set up in practice in Birmingham, but in his spare time he continued chemical experiments that might help local industries.
    Among his early achievements was his new method of refining gold and silver. Success led to the setting up of a large laboratory and a reputation as a chemical consultant. It was at this time that Roebuck devised an improved way of making sulphuric acid. This vital substance was then made by burning sulphur and nitre (potassium nitrate) over water in a glass globe. The scale of the process was limited by the fragility of the glass. Roebuck substituted "lead chambers", or vessels consisting of sheets of lead, a metal both cheap and resistant to acids, set in wooden frames. After the first plant was set up in 1746, productivity rose and the price of sulphuric acid fell sharply. Success encouraged Roebuck to establish a second, larger plant at Prestonpans, near Edinburgh. He preferred to rely on secrecy rather than patents to preserve his monopoly, but a departing employee took the secret with him and the process spread rapidly in England and on the European continent. It remained the standard process until it was superseded by the contact process towards the end of the nineteenth century. Roebuck next turned his attention to ironmaking and finally selected a site on the Carron river, near Falkirk in Scotland, where the raw materials and water power and transport lay close at hand. The Carron ironworks began producing iron in 1760 and became one of the great names in the history of ironmaking. Roebuck was an early proponent of the smelting of iron with coke, pioneered by Abraham Darby at Coalbrookdale. To supply the stronger blast required, Roebuck consulted John Smeaton, who c. 1760 installed the first blowing cylinders of any size.
    All had so far gone well for Roebuck, but he now leased coal-mines and salt-works from the Duke of Hamilton's lands at Borrowstonness in Linlithgow. The coal workings were plagued with flooding which the existing Newcomen engines were unable to overcome. Through his friendship with Joseph Black, patron of James Watt, Roebuck persuaded Watt to join him to apply his improved steam-engine to the flooded mine. He took over Black's loan to Watt of £1,200, helped him to obtain the first steam-engine patent of 1769 and took a two-thirds interest in the project. However, the new engine was not yet equal to the task and the debts mounted. To satisfy his creditors, Roebuck had to dispose of his capital in his various ventures. One creditor was Matthew Boulton, who accepted Roebuck's two-thirds share in Watt's steam-engine, rather than claim payment from his depleted estate, thus initiating a famous partnership. Roebuck was retained to manage Borrowstonness and allowed an annuity for his continued support until his death in 1794.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Memoir of John Roebuck in J.Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. 4 (1798), pp. 65–87.
    S.Gregory, 1987, "John Roebuck, 18th century entrepreneur", Chem. Engr. 443:28–31.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Roebuck, John

  • 8 Volk, Magnus

    [br]
    b. 19 October 1851 Brighton, England
    d. 20 May 1937 Brighton, England
    [br]
    English pioneer in the use of electric power; built the first electric railway in the British Isles to operate a regular service.
    [br]
    Volk was the son of a German immigrant clockmaker and continued the business with his mother after his father died in 1869, although when he married in 1879 his profession was described as "electrician". He installed Brighton's first telephone the same year and in 1880 he installed electric lighting in his own house, using a Siemens Brothers dynamo (see Siemens, Dr Ernst Werner von) driven by a Crossley gas engine. This was probably one of the first half-dozen such installations in Britain. Magnus Volk \& Co. became noted electrical manufacturers and contractors, and, inter alia, installed electric light in Brighton Pavilion in place of gas.
    By 1883 Volk had moved house. He had kept the dynamo and gas engine used to light his previous house, and he also had available an electric motor from a cancelled order. After approaching the town clerk of Brighton, he was given permission for a limited period to build and operate a 2 ft (61 cm) gauge electric railway along the foreshore. Using the electrical equipment he already had, Volk built the line, a quarter of a mile (400 m) long, in eight weeks. The car was built by a local coachbuilder, with the motor under the seat; electric current at 50 volts was drawn from one running rail and returned through the other.
    The railway was opened on 4 August 1883. It operated regularly for several months and then, permission to run it having been renewed, it was rebuilt for the 1884 season to 2 ft 9 in. (84 cm) gauge, with improved equipment. Despite storm damage from time to time, Volk's Electric Railway, extended in length, has become an enduring feature of Brighton's sea front. In 1887 Volk made an electric dogcart, and an electric van which he built for the Sultan of Turkey was probably the first motor vehicle built in Britain for export. In 1896 he opened the Brighton \& Rottingdean Seashore Electric Tramroad, with very wide-gauge track laid between the high-and low-tide lines, and a long-legged, multi-wheel car to run upon it, through the water if necessary. This lasted only until 1901, however. Volk subsequently became an early enthusiast for aircraft.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    C.Volk, 1971, Magnus Volk of Brighton, Chichester: Phillimore (his life and career as described by his son).
    C.E.Lee, 1979, "The birth of electric traction", Railway Magazine (May).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Volk, Magnus

  • 9 como

    adv.
    1 as.
    lo he hecho como es debido I did it as o the way it should be done
    me encanta como bailas I love the way you dance
    lo hagamos como lo hagamos habrá problemas whichever way we do it there'll be problems
    2 as.
    como te decía ayer… as I was telling you yesterday…
    3 as.
    trabaja como bombero he works as a fireman
    dieron el dinero como anticipo they gave the money as an advance
    me quedan como mil pesos I've got about a thousand pesos left
    estamos como a mitad de camino we're about half-way there
    tiene un sabor como a naranja it tastes a bit like an orange
    5 like, as, such as, qua.
    6 how, in which way.
    7 some.
    Pesa como cien libras It weighs some hundred pounds.
    conj.
    1 as, since (ya que).
    como no llegabas, nos fuimos as o since you didn't arrive, we left
    2 if (si). (peninsular Spanish)
    como no me hagas caso, lo pasarás mal if you don't listen to me, there will be trouble
    3 that (que).
    después de tantas veces como te lo he explicado after all the times (that) I've explained it to you
    prep.
    1 like, as, just like, such as.
    Te di esto en condición de préstamo I gave this to you as a loan.
    2 as to.
    3 how to.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: comer.
    * * *
    1 (modo) how
    2 (comparación) as, like
    2 (si) if
    como lo vuelvas a hacer... if you do it again...
    3 (porque) as, since
    \
    como quiera que (no importa cómo) however 2 (ya que) since, as, inasmuch as
    como sea whatever happens, no matter what
    como si lo viera familiar I can imagine perfectly well
    como si nada / como si tal cosa as if nothing had happened
    hacer como quien to pretend to +inf
    hacer como si to pretend to +inf
    tanto como eso no familiar not as much as that
    * * *
    1. conj.
    1) as
    2) like
    3) if
    4) since, given that
    2. prep.
    as, like
    * * *
    1. ADV
    1) [indicando semejanza] like
    2) [introduciendo ejemplo] such as

    hay peces, como truchas y salmones — there are fish, such as trout and salmon

    tiene ventajas, como son la resistencia y durabilidad — it has advantages, such as o like strength and durability

    3) [indicando modo]
    a) + indic

    hazlo como te dijo ellado it like * o the way she told you

    toca como cantashe plays like * o the same way as she sings

    no es como me lo imaginabait isn't as o like * I imagined it

    tal como, tal como lo había planeado — just as o the way I had planned it

    b) + subjun

    hazlo como puedas — do your best, do the best you can

    como seaat all costs

    4) (=en calidad de) as
    5) (=más o menos) about, around

    sentía como tristezashe felt a sort o kind of sadness

    6) [con valor causal]
    2. CONJ
    1) + indic (=ya que) as, since

    como no tenía dineroas o since I had no money

    2) + indic (=según) as

    tal (y) como están las cosas — the way things are, as things stand

    tal como están los precios de las motos... — with motorbike prices as they are at the moment...

    3) + indic (=cuando) as soon as
    4) + indic
    (=que)

    verás como les ganamos — we'll beat them, you'll see

    de tanto como, tienen las manos doloridas de tanto como aplaudieron — they clapped so much their hands hurt

    de tanto como odio a los dos, no sé a quien odio más — I hate them both so much, I don't know which I hate the most

    5) + subjun (=si) if

    como vengas tarde, no comes — if you're late you'll get nothing to eat

    como sea cierto, ¡estamos perdidos! — if it's true, we're done for!

    ¡como lo pierdas! — you'd better not lose it!, don't you lose it!

    como no, como no lo haga en seguida... — if he doesn't do it at once..., unless he does it at once...

    no salimos, como no sea para ir al cine — we only go out if it's to go to the cinema, we don't go out unless it's to go to the cinema

    6)

    como queas if

    ¡como que yo soy tonto y me creo esas mentiras! — as if I was stupid enough to believe lies like that!

    ¡como que te van a pagar! — don't tell me they're going to pay you!

    7)

    como si — as if, as though

    siguió leyendo, como si no hubiera oído nada — he kept on reading, as if o as though he hadn't heard

    sentí como si fuera a caermeI felt as if o as though I was about to fall

    como si no hubiera pasado nadaas if o as though nothing had happened

    se comporta como si me odiarahe behaves as if o as though he hated me

    como si fuera a lloveras if o as though it was going to rain

    8)

    como para, ¡es como para denunciarlos! — it's enough to make you want to report them to the police!

    9) CAm, Méx

    a como dé o diera lugar — at any cost

    así 1., 5), pronto 1., 4), querer 2., 1)
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) ( en calidad de) as

    el director tendrá como funciones... — the director's duties will be...

    se la conoce como `flor de luz' — it's known as `flor de luz'

    c) ( por ejemplo) like
    2) (en comparaciones, contrastes) like

    fue ella, como que me llamo Beatriz — it was her, as sure as my name's Beatriz

    bailó como nuncashe danced as o like she'd never danced before

    como para + inf: es como para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry; fue como para pegarle — I could have hit him

    así como — (frml) as well as

    como él solo/ella sola: es egoísta como él solo he's so o he's incredibly selfish!; como mucho/poco at (the) most/at least; como nadie: cocina como nadie nobody cooks like her; como que...: conduce muy bien - como que es piloto de carreras he drives very well - well, he is a racing driver, after all; y no me lo dijiste - como que no lo sabía! and you didn't tell me about it - that's because I didn't know about it!; como ser (CS) such as, for example; como si (+ subj) as if, as though; ella está grave y él como si nada or como si tal cosa — she's seriously ill and he doesn't seem at all o in the least worried

    II

    (tal y) como están las cosas — as things stand; (+ subj)

    hazlo como quieras/como puedas — do it any way you like/as best as you can

    la buganvilla, o como quiera que se llame — bougainvillea or whatever it's called

    2) ( puesto que) as, since

    como era temprano, nos fuimos a dar una vuelta — since o as it was early, we went for a walk

    3) (si) (+ subj) if

    como te pille... — if I catch you...

    cansado como estaba, me ayudó — tired though o tired as he was, he helped me

    5) ( que)

    vas a ver como llega tarde — he'll be late, you'll see

    III
    2) ( uso expletivo) kind of (colloq)

    me da como vergüenza... — I find it kind of embarrassing...

    * * *
    = as, by way of, for the purpose of + Nombre, how, in the guise of, just as, like, qua, much as, as a kind of, as serving as, along the lines of, in + Posesivo + capacity as, such as, kind of like.
    Ex. This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.
    Ex. An annotation is a note added to the title and/or other bibliographic information concerning a document, by way of comment or explanation.
    Ex. Taking the second situation for the purpose of illustration, there are four options for choice of title.
    Ex. Inevitably any abridgement poses the dilemma how to abridge, that is, what to leave out and what to include.
    Ex. Further, these indexers are probably so familiar with their subject area that, they whether in the guise of indexer or searcher, will profit little from any additional guides to relationships.
    Ex. Just as Ivan finds that by taking pleasure in an extra piece of food he makes survival possible and beats Stalin and his jailors at heir own game.
    Ex. Thus, the computer-held term record files are most suitable for applications like Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) systems.
    Ex. Such a concept came as a great surprise to many information educators who rather dismissively regarded the information qua information field of activity as being too limited.
    Ex. More studies are needed to identify the full temporal effects of the personal computer, much as they did for television.
    Ex. In a way, it is acting as a kind of bridge between the two, permitting traffic both ways where once there was a divide.
    Ex. 45 libraries have been unofficially recognised by librarians as serving as model children's libraries.
    Ex. The author considers the possibility of a shift from libraries to personal information service along the lines of the shift that has occured from public to private transport.
    Ex. Strange that so helpful and charming a person in his capacity as a librarian could behave so monstrously; but behave thus he did.
    Ex. Indicative abstracts abound in phrases such as 'is discussed' or 'has been surveyed', but do not record the outcome of the discussion or survey.
    Ex. It's kind of like trumping in public -- You simply do not do it!.
    ----
    * ¡cómo se nota que no está el jefe! = while the cat's away, the mice will play.
    * aducir como evidencia = adduce as + evidence.
    * algo así como = something like.
    * añádase cómo = expand like.
    * así como = as, as well as.
    * así como así = just like that.
    * así como... de igual modo... = just as... so....
    * así es como = this is how.
    * así es como es = that's how it is.
    * caer como moscas = drop like + flies.
    * como aclaración = in parenthesis.
    * como algo natural = as a matter of course.
    * como algo normal = as a matter of course.
    * como algo opuesto a = as against.
    * como algo residual = residually.
    * como alternativa = as an alternative.
    * como anillo al dedo = just the ticket, the right twigs for an eagle's nest, perfect fit, perfect match, that's the ticket!.
    * como antes = as before.
    * como apoyo a = in support of.
    * como barcos que se cruzan (en la noche) = like passing ships (in the night).
    * como barcos que se cruzan (en la oscuridad) = like passing ships (in the night).
    * como base para = as a basis for.
    * como cabe esperar = unsurprisingly, as one might expect, as expected.
    * como cabía esperar = as expected.
    * como cabría esperar = as might be expected, as one might expect.
    * como cabría suponer = as might be expected.
    * como consecuencia = on this basis, on that basis, in doing so, in consequence, in accordance.
    * como consecuencia (de) = as a result (of), in the wake of, as a consequence (of).
    * cómo conseguir = obtainability.
    * como con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.
    * como contrapartida = in return.
    * como cooperativa = collegially.
    * como corresponde = fittingly.
    * como corresponde a = as befits.
    * como cuando + Indicativo = as in + Gerundio.
    * como de costumbre = as usual, as always, according to normal practice.
    * cómo demonios = how on earth.
    * como dice el dicho = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.
    * como dice el refrán = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.
    * como diferente a = as distinct from.
    * cómo disponer de (algo) = disposition.
    * como dos gotas de agua = as alike as two peas in a pod, like two peas in a pod.
    * como ejemplo = as an example, by way of illustration.
    * como el cuero = leathery.
    * como el desierto = desert-like.
    * como el día y la noche = worlds apart, like oil and water, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.
    * como el fuego = like wildfire.
    * como el perro del hortelano que ni come ni deja comer = a dog in the manger.
    * como en casa = like home (away) from home.
    * como en casa no se está en ningún sitio = there's no place like home.
    * como en el caso de = as with, just as for, as in the case of.
    * como era de esperar = as expected.
    * como es debido = fittingly.
    * como es de esperar = predictably, not surprisingly, as expected.
    * como es el caso de = as it is with, as with.
    * como es habitual = as always.
    * como es natural = not unnaturally.
    * como es normal = as always.
    * como esto = like this.
    * como fecha final = at the very latest.
    * como forma de vida = as a way of life.
    * como grogui = drowsily, groggily.
    * como grupo = collectively.
    * como guía = for guidance.
    * como la noche y el día = like oil and water, worlds apart, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.
    * como la pólvora = like wildfire.
    * como las ardillas = squirrel-like.
    * como las empresas = business-like.
    * como loca = like a madwoman.
    * como loco = like hell, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman.
    * como medida de seguridad = as a backup.
    * como medida provisional = as an interim measure.
    * como medida temporal = as an interim measure.
    * como medida transitoria = as an interim measure.
    * como mejor + poder = as best + Pronombre + can.
    * como mínimo = at least, conservatively, at a minimum.
    * como mínimo hasta que = minimally until.
    * como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.
    * como muestra de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.
    * como muestra de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.
    * como muestra de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.
    * como muy tarde = at the latest.
    * como norma = as a rule, as a matter of policy.
    * como norma general = as a rule of thumb, as a general rule, as a general rule of thumb, as a rough guide.
    * cómo nos las ingeniamos para... = how in the world....
    * como nota al margen = on a sidenote.
    * como nuevo = in mint condition, in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * como ocurre en estos casos = as is the way with these things.
    * como + ocurrir + en el caso de = as + be + the case for.
    * como opuesto a = as distinct from, as opposed to.
    * como otra posibilidad = as an alternative.
    * ¡como para creérselo! = Posesivo + famous last words.
    * como parásito = parasitically.
    * como persona que = as one who.
    * como pez fuera del agua = like a fish out of water.
    * como polo opuesto = by polar contrast.
    * como por arte de magia = magically, into thin air.
    * como por ejemplo = such as, to the effect of.
    * como por encanto = magically.
    * como poseído = as one possessed.
    * como preámbulo de = as a preamble to.
    * como primera elección = as a first preference.
    * como prueba de = as a token of, as a sign of.
    * como prueba de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.
    * como prueba de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.
    * como prueba de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.
    * como pruebas = in evidence, in evidence.
    * como quiera que + Verbo = however + Verbo.
    * como quieras llamarlo = whatever you call it.
    * como reconocimiento a = in recognition of.
    * como respuesta a = in reply to, in response to.
    * como resultado = in consequence, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so.
    * como resultado (de) = as a consequence (of).
    * como salido de fábrica = in mint condition.
    * como segunda alternativa = as a backup.
    * como se indicó en = as was pointed out in.
    * como señal de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.
    * como señal de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.
    * como señal de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.
    * cómo + ser = what + be like.
    * como si = as though.
    * como si dijéramos = as it were.
    * como siempre = as always.
    * como si fuese = as it were.
    * como siga así = at this rate.
    * como sigue = as follows.
    * como símbolo de = as a token of, as a sign of.
    * como si nada = be right as rain, unfazed.
    * como si no hubiera mañana = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si + Pronombre + fuese la vida en ello = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si se acabara el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si se fuese a acabar el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si se + Pronombre + hubiera tragado la tierra = into thin air.
    * como si (se tratase de) = as if.
    * como si tal cosa = be right as rain, unfazed, just like that.
    * como sustituto de = in place of.
    * como tal = as such, in this capacity, qua.
    * como término medio = on average.
    * como todo un caballero = sportingly.
    * como último recurso = as a last resort, in the last resort.
    * como una aguja en un pajar = like a needle in a haystack.
    * como una balsa de aceite = like a millpond, calm like a millpond.
    * como una cabra = stark raving mad, raving mad.
    * como una cebolla = onion-like.
    * como una condenada = like a madwoman.
    * como una descosida = like a madwoman.
    * como una forma de = as a means of.
    * como una metralladora = quick-fire.
    * como un basilisco = like a bear with a sore head.
    * como un bobo = stupidly.
    * como un bólido = like the clappers.
    * como un campo de batalla = like a war zone.
    * como un cencerro = barking mad, raving mad, stark raving mad.
    * como un condenado = like the clappers, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.
    * como un descosido = like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.
    * como un detective = detectivelike, sleuthlike.
    * como un elefante en una cacharrería = like an elephant in a china shop.
    * como un energúmeno = like a bear with a sore head.
    * como un estúpido = stupidly.
    * como un experto = expertly.
    * como un glaciar = glacially.
    * como unidad global = as a whole.
    * como un idiota = stupidly.
    * como un loca = like a madwoman.
    * como un loco = like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, madly, like a madman.
    * como un método para = as a means of.
    * como un modo de = as a way of.
    * como un necio = stupidly.
    * como un observador que pasa desapercibido = fly-on-the-wall, fly-on-the-wall.
    * cómo uno se identifica a sí mismo = self-identification.
    * como un platillo = saucer-like.
    * como un poseído = as one possessed.
    * como un rayo = in a flash.
    * como un reguero de pólvora = like wildfire.
    * como un relámpago = like greased lightning, like the clappers.
    * como un reloj = as regular as clockwork, like clockwork.
    * como un televisor = television-type.
    * como un todo = as a whole.
    * como un tonto = stupidly, foolishly.
    * como un torpe = foolishly.
    * como un zombi = zombielike.
    * como vivir en un escaparate = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.
    * como + Voz Pasiva = as + Participio Pasado.
    * como y cuando = as and when.
    * como y cuando sea + Adjetivo = as + Adjetivo.
    * comportarse como se espera = be a sport.
    * con el mismo + Nombre + como el que... = as + Adverbio + as....
    * conocerse como = be known as.
    * dar como resultado = result (in).
    * de cómo = as to how.
    * durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.
    * el modo como = the way in which.
    * el problema no es el qué, sino el cómo = the devil (is/lives) in the details.
    * frase como encabezamiento = phrase heading.
    * llegar a ser conocido como = become + known as.
    * mantenerse como válido = hold up.
    * nada menos que + Nombre + tan + Adjetivo + como = no less + Adjetivo + Nombre + than.
    * no + haber + nada como = there + be + nothing like.
    * ofrecerse como voluntario = volunteer.
    * plan de cómo disponer de Algo = disposition instruction.
    * proponer como principio = posit.
    * sea como sea = be that as it may, at all costs, at any cost.
    * seleccionar como relevante = hit.
    * ser como hablar con la pared = be like talking to a brick wall.
    * ser tan buen momento como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.
    * ser un momento tan bueno como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.
    * tal como = such as, such + Nombre + as, just as.
    * tal y como aparece = as it/they stand(s).
    * tal y como es/son = as it/they stand(s).
    * tal y como + ser = in + Posesivo + true colours.
    * tan + Adjetivo + como = as + Adjetivo + as, every bit as + Adjetivo + as.
    * tan + Adjetivo + como de costumbre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.
    * tan + Adjetivo + como siempre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.
    * tan pronto como = as soon as, just as soon as, no sooner... than.
    * tan pronto como sea posible = as soon as possible (asap).
    * tanto como = as many... as..., as much as + Adjetivo, both... and..., no less than, equally, if not, so much as.
    * tanto como siempre = as much as ever.
    * tener como equivalente = have + counterpart.
    * tener como motivo central = plan around + Nombre.
    * tener como objetivo = have + as + Posesivo + objective.
    * tomar como ejemplo = take.
    * un poco como = kind of like.
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) ( en calidad de) as

    el director tendrá como funciones... — the director's duties will be...

    se la conoce como `flor de luz' — it's known as `flor de luz'

    c) ( por ejemplo) like
    2) (en comparaciones, contrastes) like

    fue ella, como que me llamo Beatriz — it was her, as sure as my name's Beatriz

    bailó como nuncashe danced as o like she'd never danced before

    como para + inf: es como para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry; fue como para pegarle — I could have hit him

    así como — (frml) as well as

    como él solo/ella sola: es egoísta como él solo he's so o he's incredibly selfish!; como mucho/poco at (the) most/at least; como nadie: cocina como nadie nobody cooks like her; como que...: conduce muy bien - como que es piloto de carreras he drives very well - well, he is a racing driver, after all; y no me lo dijiste - como que no lo sabía! and you didn't tell me about it - that's because I didn't know about it!; como ser (CS) such as, for example; como si (+ subj) as if, as though; ella está grave y él como si nada or como si tal cosa — she's seriously ill and he doesn't seem at all o in the least worried

    II

    (tal y) como están las cosas — as things stand; (+ subj)

    hazlo como quieras/como puedas — do it any way you like/as best as you can

    la buganvilla, o como quiera que se llame — bougainvillea or whatever it's called

    2) ( puesto que) as, since

    como era temprano, nos fuimos a dar una vuelta — since o as it was early, we went for a walk

    3) (si) (+ subj) if

    como te pille... — if I catch you...

    cansado como estaba, me ayudó — tired though o tired as he was, he helped me

    5) ( que)

    vas a ver como llega tarde — he'll be late, you'll see

    III
    2) ( uso expletivo) kind of (colloq)

    me da como vergüenza... — I find it kind of embarrassing...

    * * *
    = as, by way of, for the purpose of + Nombre, how, in the guise of, just as, like, qua, much as, as a kind of, as serving as, along the lines of, in + Posesivo + capacity as, such as, kind of like.

    Ex: This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.

    Ex: An annotation is a note added to the title and/or other bibliographic information concerning a document, by way of comment or explanation.
    Ex: Taking the second situation for the purpose of illustration, there are four options for choice of title.
    Ex: Inevitably any abridgement poses the dilemma how to abridge, that is, what to leave out and what to include.
    Ex: Further, these indexers are probably so familiar with their subject area that, they whether in the guise of indexer or searcher, will profit little from any additional guides to relationships.
    Ex: Just as Ivan finds that by taking pleasure in an extra piece of food he makes survival possible and beats Stalin and his jailors at heir own game.
    Ex: Thus, the computer-held term record files are most suitable for applications like Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) systems.
    Ex: Such a concept came as a great surprise to many information educators who rather dismissively regarded the information qua information field of activity as being too limited.
    Ex: More studies are needed to identify the full temporal effects of the personal computer, much as they did for television.
    Ex: In a way, it is acting as a kind of bridge between the two, permitting traffic both ways where once there was a divide.
    Ex: 45 libraries have been unofficially recognised by librarians as serving as model children's libraries.
    Ex: The author considers the possibility of a shift from libraries to personal information service along the lines of the shift that has occured from public to private transport.
    Ex: Strange that so helpful and charming a person in his capacity as a librarian could behave so monstrously; but behave thus he did.
    Ex: Indicative abstracts abound in phrases such as 'is discussed' or 'has been surveyed', but do not record the outcome of the discussion or survey.
    Ex: It's kind of like trumping in public -- You simply do not do it!.
    * ¡cómo se nota que no está el jefe! = while the cat's away, the mice will play.
    * aducir como evidencia = adduce as + evidence.
    * algo así como = something like.
    * añádase cómo = expand like.
    * así como = as, as well as.
    * así como así = just like that.
    * así como... de igual modo... = just as... so....
    * así es como = this is how.
    * así es como es = that's how it is.
    * caer como moscas = drop like + flies.
    * como aclaración = in parenthesis.
    * como algo natural = as a matter of course.
    * como algo normal = as a matter of course.
    * como algo opuesto a = as against.
    * como algo residual = residually.
    * como alternativa = as an alternative.
    * como anillo al dedo = just the ticket, the right twigs for an eagle's nest, perfect fit, perfect match, that's the ticket!.
    * como antes = as before.
    * como apoyo a = in support of.
    * como barcos que se cruzan (en la noche) = like passing ships (in the night).
    * como barcos que se cruzan (en la oscuridad) = like passing ships (in the night).
    * como base para = as a basis for.
    * como cabe esperar = unsurprisingly, as one might expect, as expected.
    * como cabía esperar = as expected.
    * como cabría esperar = as might be expected, as one might expect.
    * como cabría suponer = as might be expected.
    * como consecuencia = on this basis, on that basis, in doing so, in consequence, in accordance.
    * como consecuencia (de) = as a result (of), in the wake of, as a consequence (of).
    * cómo conseguir = obtainability.
    * como con todo en la vida = as with everything in life.
    * como contrapartida = in return.
    * como cooperativa = collegially.
    * como corresponde = fittingly.
    * como corresponde a = as befits.
    * como cuando + Indicativo = as in + Gerundio.
    * como de costumbre = as usual, as always, according to normal practice.
    * cómo demonios = how on earth.
    * como dice el dicho = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.
    * como dice el refrán = as the saying goes, so the saying goes.
    * como diferente a = as distinct from.
    * cómo disponer de (algo) = disposition.
    * como dos gotas de agua = as alike as two peas in a pod, like two peas in a pod.
    * como ejemplo = as an example, by way of illustration.
    * como el cuero = leathery.
    * como el desierto = desert-like.
    * como el día y la noche = worlds apart, like oil and water, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.
    * como el fuego = like wildfire.
    * como el perro del hortelano que ni come ni deja comer = a dog in the manger.
    * como en casa = like home (away) from home.
    * como en casa no se está en ningún sitio = there's no place like home.
    * como en el caso de = as with, just as for, as in the case of.
    * como era de esperar = as expected.
    * como es debido = fittingly.
    * como es de esperar = predictably, not surprisingly, as expected.
    * como es el caso de = as it is with, as with.
    * como es habitual = as always.
    * como es natural = not unnaturally.
    * como es normal = as always.
    * como esto = like this.
    * como fecha final = at the very latest.
    * como forma de vida = as a way of life.
    * como grogui = drowsily, groggily.
    * como grupo = collectively.
    * como guía = for guidance.
    * como la noche y el día = like oil and water, worlds apart, like chalk and cheese, like apples and oranges.
    * como la pólvora = like wildfire.
    * como las ardillas = squirrel-like.
    * como las empresas = business-like.
    * como loca = like a madwoman.
    * como loco = like hell, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman.
    * como medida de seguridad = as a backup.
    * como medida provisional = as an interim measure.
    * como medida temporal = as an interim measure.
    * como medida transitoria = as an interim measure.
    * como mejor + poder = as best + Pronombre + can.
    * como mínimo = at least, conservatively, at a minimum.
    * como mínimo hasta que = minimally until.
    * como mucho = at best, at most, if at all, at the most, at the very latest.
    * como muestra de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.
    * como muestra de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.
    * como muestra de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.
    * como muy tarde = at the latest.
    * como norma = as a rule, as a matter of policy.
    * como norma general = as a rule of thumb, as a general rule, as a general rule of thumb, as a rough guide.
    * cómo nos las ingeniamos para... = how in the world....
    * como nota al margen = on a sidenote.
    * como nuevo = in mint condition, in tip-top condition, in tip-top form.
    * como ocurre en estos casos = as is the way with these things.
    * como + ocurrir + en el caso de = as + be + the case for.
    * como opuesto a = as distinct from, as opposed to.
    * como otra posibilidad = as an alternative.
    * ¡como para creérselo! = Posesivo + famous last words.
    * como parásito = parasitically.
    * como persona que = as one who.
    * como pez fuera del agua = like a fish out of water.
    * como polo opuesto = by polar contrast.
    * como por arte de magia = magically, into thin air.
    * como por ejemplo = such as, to the effect of.
    * como por encanto = magically.
    * como poseído = as one possessed.
    * como preámbulo de = as a preamble to.
    * como primera elección = as a first preference.
    * como prueba de = as a token of, as a sign of.
    * como prueba de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.
    * como prueba de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.
    * como prueba de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.
    * como pruebas = in evidence, in evidence.
    * como quiera que + Verbo = however + Verbo.
    * como quieras llamarlo = whatever you call it.
    * como reconocimiento a = in recognition of.
    * como respuesta a = in reply to, in response to.
    * como resultado = in consequence, on this basis, on that basis, in doing so.
    * como resultado (de) = as a consequence (of).
    * como salido de fábrica = in mint condition.
    * como segunda alternativa = as a backup.
    * como se indicó en = as was pointed out in.
    * como señal de agradecimiento = as a token of thanks.
    * como señal de + Posesivo + agradecimiento = as a token of + Posesivo + appreciation.
    * como señal de + Posesivo + gratitud = as a token of + Posesivo + gratitude.
    * cómo + ser = what + be like.
    * como si = as though.
    * como si dijéramos = as it were.
    * como siempre = as always.
    * como si fuese = as it were.
    * como siga así = at this rate.
    * como sigue = as follows.
    * como símbolo de = as a token of, as a sign of.
    * como si nada = be right as rain, unfazed.
    * como si no hubiera mañana = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si + Pronombre + fuese la vida en ello = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si se acabara el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si se fuese a acabar el mundo = like there's no tomorrow.
    * como si se + Pronombre + hubiera tragado la tierra = into thin air.
    * como si (se tratase de) = as if.
    * como si tal cosa = be right as rain, unfazed, just like that.
    * como sustituto de = in place of.
    * como tal = as such, in this capacity, qua.
    * como término medio = on average.
    * como todo un caballero = sportingly.
    * como último recurso = as a last resort, in the last resort.
    * como una aguja en un pajar = like a needle in a haystack.
    * como una balsa de aceite = like a millpond, calm like a millpond.
    * como una cabra = stark raving mad, raving mad.
    * como una cebolla = onion-like.
    * como una condenada = like a madwoman.
    * como una descosida = like a madwoman.
    * como una forma de = as a means of.
    * como una metralladora = quick-fire.
    * como un basilisco = like a bear with a sore head.
    * como un bobo = stupidly.
    * como un bólido = like the clappers.
    * como un campo de batalla = like a war zone.
    * como un cencerro = barking mad, raving mad, stark raving mad.
    * como un condenado = like the clappers, like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.
    * como un descosido = like a lunatic, like a madman, as one possessed.
    * como un detective = detectivelike, sleuthlike.
    * como un elefante en una cacharrería = like an elephant in a china shop.
    * como un energúmeno = like a bear with a sore head.
    * como un estúpido = stupidly.
    * como un experto = expertly.
    * como un glaciar = glacially.
    * como unidad global = as a whole.
    * como un idiota = stupidly.
    * como un loca = like a madwoman.
    * como un loco = like crazy, like mad, like a lunatic, madly, like a madman.
    * como un método para = as a means of.
    * como un modo de = as a way of.
    * como un necio = stupidly.
    * como un observador que pasa desapercibido = fly-on-the-wall, fly-on-the-wall.
    * cómo uno se identifica a sí mismo = self-identification.
    * como un platillo = saucer-like.
    * como un poseído = as one possessed.
    * como un rayo = in a flash.
    * como un reguero de pólvora = like wildfire.
    * como un relámpago = like greased lightning, like the clappers.
    * como un reloj = as regular as clockwork, like clockwork.
    * como un televisor = television-type.
    * como un todo = as a whole.
    * como un tonto = stupidly, foolishly.
    * como un torpe = foolishly.
    * como un zombi = zombielike.
    * como vivir en un escaparate = like being in a (gold)fish bowl.
    * como + Voz Pasiva = as + Participio Pasado.
    * como y cuando = as and when.
    * como y cuando sea + Adjetivo = as + Adjetivo.
    * comportarse como se espera = be a sport.
    * con el mismo + Nombre + como el que... = as + Adverbio + as....
    * conocerse como = be known as.
    * dar como resultado = result (in).
    * de cómo = as to how.
    * durante tanto tiempo como sea posible = for as long as possible.
    * el modo como = the way in which.
    * el problema no es el qué, sino el cómo = the devil (is/lives) in the details.
    * frase como encabezamiento = phrase heading.
    * llegar a ser conocido como = become + known as.
    * mantenerse como válido = hold up.
    * nada menos que + Nombre + tan + Adjetivo + como = no less + Adjetivo + Nombre + than.
    * no + haber + nada como = there + be + nothing like.
    * ofrecerse como voluntario = volunteer.
    * para colmo = on top of everything else.
    * plan de cómo disponer de Algo = disposition instruction.
    * proponer como principio = posit.
    * sea como sea = be that as it may, at all costs, at any cost.
    * seleccionar como relevante = hit.
    * ser como hablar con la pared = be like talking to a brick wall.
    * ser tan buen momento como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.
    * ser un momento tan bueno como cualquier otro = be as good a time as any.
    * tal como = such as, such + Nombre + as, just as.
    * tal y como aparece = as it/they stand(s).
    * tal y como es/son = as it/they stand(s).
    * tal y como + ser = in + Posesivo + true colours.
    * tan + Adjetivo + como = as + Adjetivo + as, every bit as + Adjetivo + as.
    * tan + Adjetivo + como de costumbre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.
    * tan + Adjetivo + como siempre = as + Adjetivo + as ever.
    * tan pronto como = as soon as, just as soon as, no sooner... than.
    * tan pronto como sea posible = as soon as possible (asap).
    * tanto como = as many... as..., as much as + Adjetivo, both... and..., no less than, equally, if not, so much as.
    * tanto como siempre = as much as ever.
    * tener como equivalente = have + counterpart.
    * tener como motivo central = plan around + Nombre.
    * tener como objetivo = have + as + Posesivo + objective.
    * tomar como ejemplo = take.
    * un poco como = kind of like.

    * * *
    A
    usando el paraguas como bastón using his umbrella as a walking stick
    quiero hablarte como amigo y no como abogado I want to speak to you as a friend and not as a lawyer
    el director tendrá como funciones … the director's duties will be …
    está considerado como lo mejor he's considered (to be) the best
    lo presentó como su ex-marido she introduced him as her ex-husband
    la flor conocida allí como `Santa Rita' the flower known there as `Santa Rita'
    en algunas capitales como Londres in some capital cities such as London o like London
    necesitamos a alguien como tú we need someone like you
    tengo ganas de comer algo dulce — ¿como qué? I fancy something sweet — like what?
    B (en comparaciones, contrastes) like
    quiero un vestido como el tuyo I want a dress like yours
    pienso como tú I agree with you
    fue ella, como que me llamo Beatriz it was her, as sure as my name's Beatriz
    se portó como un caballero he behaved like a gentleman
    la quiero como a una hija I love her like a daughter o as if she were my own daughter
    bailó como nunca she danced as o like she'd never danced before
    me trata como a un imbécil he treats me like an idiot o as if I were an idiot
    se llama algo así como Genaro o Gerardo he's called something like Genaro or Gerardo
    ¡no hay nada como un buen coñac! there's nothing like a good brandy!
    era verde, un verde como el de la alfombra de la oficina it was green, the color of the office carpet
    como PARA + INF:
    es como para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry, it makes you want to cry
    C ( en locs):
    así como ( frml); as well as
    por esto, así como por muchas otras razones because of this, and for many other reasons as well o as well as for many other reasons
    sus abundantes recursos naturales, así como su importancia estratégica its abundant natural resources, together with o as well as its strategic importance
    como él solo/ella sola: es egoísta como él solo he's so o he's incredibly selfish!
    como mucho at (the) most, at the outside
    como poco at least
    como nadie: hace la paella como nadie she makes wonderful paella, nobody makes paella like her
    como que …: conduce muy biencomo que es piloto de carreras he drives very well — well, he is a racing driver, after all
    le voy a decir cuatro cosas — sí, sí, como que te vas a atrever … I'm going to give him a piece of my mind — oh, yes? I'll believe that when I see it
    y no me lo dijiste — ¡como que no sabía nada! and you didn't tell me about it — that's because I didn't know anything about it myself!
    como ser (CS); such as, for example, like
    como si (+ subj) as if, as though
    actuó como si no le importara she acted as if o as though she didn't care
    ella está grave y él como si nada or como si tal cosa she's seriously ill and he doesn't seem at all worried o he behaves as if it's nothing (to worry about)
    él como si nada or como si tal cosa, ni se inmutó he just stood there without batting an eyelid
    no me gustó el modo or la manera como lo dijo I didn't like the way she said it
    llegó temprano, tal como había prometido he arrived early, just as he had promised
    ganó Raúl, como era de esperar Raúl won, as was to be expected
    así en la tierra como en el cielo on Earth as it is in Heaven
    como dice el refrán as the saying goes
    (tal y) como están las cosas as things stand, the way things are
    (+ subj): hazlo como quieras do it any way you like o how you like
    no voycomo quieras I'm not going — please yourself o as you like
    me dijo que me las arreglara como pudiera he told me to sort things as best I could
    la buganvilla, o como quiera que se llame bougainvillea or whatever it's called
    como quiera que sea, ellos se llevaron la copa anyway, the point is they won the cup
    B (puesto que) as, since
    como todavía era temprano, nos fuimos a dar una vuelta since o as it was still early, we went for a walk, it was still early so we went for a walk
    C (+ subj) (si) if
    como te vuelva a encontrar por aquí if I catch you around here again
    D
    (en oraciones concesivas): cansado como estaba, se ofreció a ayudarme tired though o tired as he was, he offered to help me
    joven como es, tiene más sentido común que tú he may be young but he has more common sense than you
    E
    (que): vimos como se los llevaban en una furgoneta we saw them being taken away in a van, we saw how they were taken away in a van
    vas a ver como llega tarde he'll be late, you'll see
    como a la mitad del camino about half way there
    está como a cincuenta kilómetros it's about fifty kilometers away
    vino como a las seis she came at around o about six
    tiene un sabor como a almendras it has a kind of almondy taste, it tastes something like o a bit like almonds
    un ruido como de un motor a noise like that of an engine
    B (uso expletivo) kind of ( colloq)
    es que me da como vergüenza … I find it kind of embarrassing …
    * * *

     

    Del verbo comer: ( conjugate comer)

    como es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    algo como    
    comer    
    como    
    cómo
    comer ( conjugate comer) verbo intransitivo


    este niño no me come nada (fam) this child won't eat anything (colloq);
    dar(le) de cómo a algn (en la boca) to spoonfeed sb;
    darle de cómo al gato/al niño to feed the cat/the kid;
    salir a cómo (fuera) to go out for a meal, to eat out;
    ¿qué hay de cómo? ( a mediodía) what's for lunch?;

    ( por la noche) what's for dinner o supper?
    b) (esp Esp, Méx) ( almorzar) to have lunch;


    c) (esp AmL) ( cenar) to have dinner

    verbo transitivo
    a)fruta/verdura/carne to eat;

    ¿puedo cómo otro? can I have another one?;

    no tienen qué cómo they don't have anything to eat
    b) (fam) ( hacer desaparecer) See Also→ comerse 3

    c) (en ajedrez, damas) to take

    comerse verbo pronominal
    1
    a) ( al escribir) ‹acento/palabra to leave off;

    línea/párrafo to miss out

    palabra to swallow
    2 ( enf) ‹ comida to eat;

    cómose las uñas to bite one's nails
    3 (fam) ( hacer desaparecer)
    a) [acido/óxido] to eat away (at);

    [polilla/ratón] to eat away (at)
    b) [inflación/alquiler] ‹sueldo/ahorros to eat away at

    como preposición
    a) ( en calidad de) as;



    se la conoce cómo `flor de luz' it's known as `flor de luz'

    c) (en comparaciones, contrastes) like;


    ¡no hay nada cómo un buen coñac! there's nothing like a good brandy!;
    es cómo para echarse a llorar it's enough to make you want to cry
    d) ( en locs)

    así como (frml) as well as;

    como mucho/poco at (the) most/at least;
    como ser (CS) such as, for example;
    como si (+ subj) as if, as though
    ■ conjunción


    cómo era de esperar as was to be expected;
    no me gustó cómo lo dijo I didn't like the way she said it;
    (tal y) cómo están las cosas as things stand;
    hazlo cómo quieras/cómo mejor puedas do it any way you like/as best as you can;
    no voycómo quieras I'm not goingplease yourself
    b) ( puesto que) as, since;

    cómo era temprano, fui a dar una vuelta as it was early, I went for a walk

    c) (si) (+ subj) if;

    cómo te pille … if I catch you …

    ■ adverbio ( expresando aproximación) about;

    un sabor cómo a almendras a kind of almondy taste
    cómo adverbio

    ¿cómo estás? how are you?;

    ¿cómo es tu novia? what's your girlfriend like?;
    ¿cómo es de grande? how big is it?;
    ¿cómo te llamas? what's your name?
    b) ( por qué) why, how come (colloq);

    ¿cómo no me lo dijiste antes? why didn't you tell me before?

    c) ( al solicitar que se repita algo) sorry?, pardon?;

    ¿cómo dijo? sorry, what did you say?


    ¡cómo llueve! it's really raining!;

    ¡cómo comes! the amount you eat!;
    ¡cómo! ¿no te lo han dicho? what! haven't they told you?
    e) ( en locs)

    ¿a cómo …?: ¿a cómo están los tomates? (fam) how much are the tomatoes?;

    ¿a cómo estamos hoy? (AmL) what's the date today?;
    ¡cómo no! of course!;
    ¿cómo que …?: ¿cómo que no fuiste tú? what do you mean it wasn't you?;
    aquí no está — ¿cómo que no? it isn't herewhat do you mean it isn't there?
    comer
    I verbo transitivo
    1 to eat
    2 (en el parchís, etc) to take
    3 (estrechar) ese corte de pelo te come la cara, that haircut makes your face look thinner
    ese mueble te come mucho salón, that piece of furniture makes your living room look smaller
    II verbo intransitivo to eat: hay que darle de comer al perro, we have to feed the dog
    ♦ Locuciones: familiar comer como una lima, to eat like a horse
    familiar comer el coco/tarro a alguien, to brainwash somebody
    sin comerlo ni beberlo, le pusieron una sanción, although he has nothing to do with it, he was disciplined
    como
    I adverbio
    1 (manera) how: hazlo como quieras, do it however you like
    me gusta como habla, I like the way he speaks
    2 (semejanza, equivalencia) as: es como tú, he's just like you
    terco como una mula, as stubborn as a mule
    3 (conformidad) as: como estaba diciendo..., as I was saying...
    como indica el prospecto, as the instructions say
    4 (aproximadamente) about
    como a la mitad de camino, more or less halfway
    como unos treinta, about thirty
    II conj
    1 como [+ subj], (si) if: como no comas, no vas al cine, if you don't eat, you won't go to the cinema
    2 (porque) as, since
    como llamó tan tarde, ya no me encontró, as he phoned so late, he didn't find me in
    3 como si, as if
    como si nada o tal cosa, as if nothing had happened
    familiar como si lo viera, I can just imagine it
    III prep (en calidad de) as: lo aconsejé como amigo, I advised him as a friend
    visitó el museo como experto, she visited the museum as an expert
    ¿As, like o how?
    As
    se usa para hablar de la función, uso, papel o trabajo de una persona o cosa (trabajó como camarera durante las vacaciones, she worked as a waitress during the holidays) o para comparar dos acciones o situaciones y expresar su similitud. En este caso es necesario disponer de un verbo: Entró de botones, como lo había hecho su padre veinte años antes. He entered as an office-boy, as his father had twenty years before.
    Cuando como va seguido de un sustantivo o pronombre también puedes usar like para comparar dos acciones o situaciones: Es como su padre. He's just like his father. Sin embargo, si va seguido de una preposición, hay que usar as: En marzo, como en abril, llovió. In March, as in April, it rained.
    Nunca debes usar how en comparaciones, porque sólo expresa la manera de hacer las cosas: ¿Cómo lo hiciste?, How did you do it?
    cómo adverbio
    1 (interrogativo) how: ¿cómo es de alto?, how high is it?
    ¿cómo estás?, how are you?
    ¿cómo se hace?, how is it made?
    2 (cuánto) ¿a cómo están los plátanos?, how much are the bananas?
    3 (por qué) ¿cómo es que no nos avisaste?, why didn't you warn us?
    familiar ¿cómo es eso?, how come?
    4 (cuando no se ha oído bien) ¿cómo?, what?
    5 (exclamativo) how
    ¡cómo ha cambiado!, how she's changed!
    ♦ Locuciones: cómo no, of course
    ' cómo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aburrirse
    - acabada
    - acabado
    - acondicionar
    - acreditar
    - actuar
    - adiós
    - alma
    - alquilar
    - alta
    - alto
    - amable
    - andar
    - apear
    - apenas
    - aprendizaje
    - arreglarse
    - arte
    - así
    - atizar
    - atonía
    - baja
    - bajo
    - bala
    - balsa
    - bañera
    - bastante
    - beber
    - bestia
    - borrega
    - borrego
    - botija
    - buenamente
    - cabra
    - cada
    - caracterización
    - casa
    - cencerro
    - cerrarse
    - cesar
    - chinche
    - cielo
    - coco
    - coletilla
    - colorada
    - colorado
    - comer
    - como
    - como quiera
    - comoquiera
    English:
    ablaze
    - above
    - abroad
    - acclaim
    - accordingly
    - act
    - address
    - alternatively
    - always
    - arouse
    - as
    - ashen
    - attractive
    - awaken
    - away
    - back
    - barrage
    - bash out
    - be
    - beaver away
    - best
    - bicker
    - big
    - black
    - blind
    - bolt
    - bombshell
    - bone
    - border
    - bored
    - both
    - break
    - breed
    - brownout
    - by-product
    - cake
    - calculate
    - care
    - chalk
    - champagne
    - change
    - charm
    - cheer
    - churn out
    - class
    - climax
    - clown around
    - coin
    - colour
    - come about
    * * *
    Como nm
    el lago Como Lake Como
    * * *
    I adv
    1 as;
    como amigo as a friend
    :
    había como cincuenta there were about fifty;
    hace como una hora about an hour ago
    3
    :
    así como as well as
    II conj
    1 if;
    como si as if;
    como si fuera tonto as if he were o was an idiot;
    como no bebas vas a enfermar if you don’t drink you’ll get sick
    2 expresando causa as, since;
    como no llegó, me fui solo as o since she didn’t arrive, I went by myself
    3
    :
    me gusta como habla I like the way he talks;
    como quiera any way you want
    * * *
    cómo adv
    : how
    ¿cómo estás?: how are you?
    ¿a cómo están las manzanas?: how much are the apples?
    ¿cómo?: excuse me?, what was that?
    ¿se puede? ¡cómo no!: may I? please do!
    como adv
    1) : around, about
    cuesta como 500 pesos: it costs around 500 pesos
    2) : kind of, like
    tengo como mareos: I'm kind of dizzy
    como conj
    1) : how, as
    hazlo como dijiste que lo harías: do it the way you said you would
    2) : since, given that
    como estaba lloviendo, no salí: since it was raining, I didn't go out
    3) : if
    como lo vuelva a hacer lo arrestarán: if he does that again he'll be arrested
    4)
    como quiera : in any way
    como prep
    1) : like, as
    ligero como una pluma: light as a feather
    2)
    así como : as well as
    * * *
    como1 adv
    1. (manera) how
    2. (comparaciones) as / like
    3. (según) as
    4. (ejemplo) like
    algunas aves, como el pingüino, no vuelan some birds, like penguins, can't fly
    como sea at all costs / no matter what
    como si as if / as though
    como2 conj
    1. (causa) as
    como hacía sol, nos fuimos a la playa as it was sunny, we went to the beach
    como llegues tarde, te quedarás sin pastel if you're late, you won't get any cake

    Spanish-English dictionary > como

  • 10 Edison, Thomas Alva

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 October 1931 Glenmont
    [br]
    American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.
    [br]
    He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.
    At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.
    Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.
    He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.
    Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.
    Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.
    Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.
    In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.
    On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.
    Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.
    In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.
    In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.
    In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.
    In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.
    In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    M.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.
    R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Edison, Thomas Alva

  • 11 punto

    m.
    1 spot, dot (marca).
    recorte por la línea de puntos cut along the dotted line
    2 full stop (British), period (United States).
    dos puntos (sobre i, j, en dirección de correo electrónico) colon
    punto y aparte full stop o (British) period, new paragraph (United States)
    punto y coma semicolon
    puntos suspensivos (no new paragraph) dots, suspension points
    3 point.
    ganar/perder por seis puntos to win/lose by six points
    4 point (asunto).
    punto débil/fuerte weak/strong point
    puntos a tratar matters to be discussed
    punto de vista point of view, viewpoint
    5 spot, place (place).
    este es el punto exacto donde ocurrió todo this is the exact spot where it all happened
    punto de apoyo fulcrum; (en palanca) backup, support (figurative)
    punto de contacto point of contact
    punto de encuentro meeting point
    6 point, moment (momento).
    llegar a un punto en que… to reach the stage where…
    estando las cosas en este punto things being as they are
    punto culminante high point
    punto de ebullición/fusión boiling/melting point
    punto de inflexión turning point
    punto de partida starting point
    7 stitch (puntada).
    punto de cruz cross-stitch
    8 knitting.
    hacer punto to knit
    un jersey de punto a knitted jumper
    9 period, full stop.
    10 guy.
    11 pixel.
    12 punctus, punctum.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: puntar.
    * * *
    1 (gen) point
    2 (marca) dot
    3 (tanto) point
    5 (lugar) spot
    ¿en qué punto de la carretera se encuentran? exactly where on the road are they?
    6 (tema) point
    7 (tejido) knitwear
    8 (en costura, sutura) stitch
    9 (de libro) bookmark
    10 (en la media) ladder, US run
    \
    a punto de caramelo (en repostería) caramelized 2 (en su punto) just right, perfect
    coger un punto familiar to get tipsy, get merry
    dar en el punto to hit the nail on the head
    de todo punto absolutely
    en punto sharp, on the dot
    estar a punto to be ready
    estar a punto de to be about to, be on the point of
    estar en su punto (comida) to be cooked to perfection
    ganar puntos to win points
    ganar por puntos to win on points
    hacer punto to knit
    hasta cierto punto up to a certain point
    hasta tal punto que... to such an extent that...
    llegar a punto to arrive on time
    perder puntos (gen) to lose points 2 (alumno) to lose marks
    poner los puntos sobre las íes to dot one's i's and cross one's t's
    poner punto final a algo to put an end to something
    ¡punto en boca! mum's the word!
    punto por punto in detail
    dos puntos colon
    punto cadena chain stitch
    punto cardinal cardinal point
    punto de apoyo (en palanca) fulcrum 2 (base) cornerstone
    punto de break break point
    punto de congelación freezing point
    punto de contacto point of contact
    punto de cruz cross-stitch
    punto de ebullición boiling point
    punto de encuentro meeting point
    punto de fusión melting point
    punto de libro bookmark
    punto de media stocking stitch
    punto de mira (objetivo) target 2 (en rifle) sight, front sight 3 (punto de vista) viewpoint
    punto de partida starting point
    punto de partido match point
    punto de referencia point of reference
    punto de ruptura break point
    punto de servicio service point
    punto de set set point
    punto de venta sales outlet
    punto de vista point of view
    punto débil weak point
    punto decimal decimal point
    punto del revés purl stitch
    punto final (en dictado) full stop, US period
    punto flaco weak point
    punto fuerte strong point
    punto muerto (en un coche) neutral 2 (en una negociación) standstill, stalemate, deadlock
    punto neurálgico nerve centre
    punto y aparte (en ortografía) full stop, new paragraph, US period, new paragraph
    punto y coma semicolon
    punto y seguido full stop, new sentence, US period, new sentence
    * * *
    noun m.
    2) dot
    - punto final
    - punto y coma
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=topo) [en un diseño] dot, spot; [en plumaje] spot, speckle; [en carta, dominó] spot, pip

    punto negro(=espinilla) blackhead

    2) (=signo) [en la i] dot; [de puntuación] full stop, period (EEUU)

    dos puntos — colon

    le puso los puntos sobre las íes — she corrected him, she drew attention to his inaccuracies

    y punto —

    ¡lo digo yo y punto! — I'm telling you so and that's that!

    punto acápite LAm [en dictado] full stop, new paragraph, period, new paragraph (EEUU)

    punto final — full stop, period (EEUU); (fig) end

    poner punto final a la discusión — to put an end to the argument, draw a line under the argument

    puntos suspensivos[gen] suspension points; [en dictado] dot, dot, dot

    punto y aparte[en dictado] full stop, new paragraph, period, new paragraph (EEUU)

    punto y seguido[en dictado] full stop (no new paragraph), period (no new paragraph) (EEUU)

    3) (Dep) point

    ganar o vencer por puntos — to win on points

    - perder muchos puntos

    ¡qué punto te has marcado con lo que has dicho! — * what you said was spot-on *

    4) (=tema) [gen] point; [en programa de actividades] item

    los puntos en el orden del día son... — the items on the agenda are...

    5) (=labor) knitting; (=tejido) knitted fabric, knit

    hacer punto — to knit

    6) (Cos, Med) (=puntada) stitch; [de media] loose stitch

    punto de costado(=dolor) stitch

    tengo un punto de costado — I've got a stitch, I've got a pain in my side

    7) (=lugar) [gen] spot, place; (Geog, Mat) point; [de proceso] point, stage; [en el tiempo] point, moment

    punto ciego — (Anat) blind spot

    punto de asistencia — (Aut) checkpoint

    punto de equilibrio — (Com) break-even point

    punto de mira[de rifle] sight; (=objetivo) aim, objective; (=punto de vista) point of view

    estar en el punto de mira de algn —

    punto de taxis — taxi stand, cab rank

    está presente en 3.000 puntos de venta — it's available at 3,000 outlets

    punto de vista — point of view, viewpoint

    él lo mira desde otro punto de vista — he sees it differently, he looks at it from another point of view

    punto flaco — weak point, weak spot

    punto muerto — (Mec) dead centre; (Aut) neutral (gear); (=estancamiento) deadlock, stalemate

    las negociaciones están en un punto muerto — the negotiations are deadlocked, the talks have reached a stalemate

    punto negro — (Aut) (accident) black spot; (fig) blemish

    punto neurálgico — (Anat) nerve centre o (EEUU) center; (fig) key point

    punto neutro — (Mec) dead centre; (Aut) neutral (gear)

    8) [otras locuciones]

    a punto — ready

    al punto — at once, immediately

    estar al punto LAm * to be high **

    bajar de punto — to decline, fall off, fall away

    a punto de, a punto de caramelo — caramelized

    estar a punto de hacer algo — to be on the point of doing sth, be about to do sth

    en punto, a las siete en punto — at seven o'clock sharp o on the dot

    en su punto — [carne] done to a turn; [fruta] just ripe

    hasta cierto punto — up to a point, to some extent

    hasta tal punto que... — to such an extent that...

    la tensión había llegado hasta tal punto que... — the tension had reached such a pitch that...

    subir de punto — (=aumentar) to grow, increase; (=empeorar) to get worse

    si me da el punto, voy — if I feel like it, I'll go

    9) Esp * (=hombre) guy *; pey rogue

    ¡vaya un punto!, ¡está hecho un punto filipino! — he's a right rogue! *

    10) (=agujero) hole
    11) (Inform) pixel
    * * *
    1)
    a) (señal, trazo) dot

    un punto en el horizontea dot o speck on the horizon

    b) (Ling) (sobre la `i', la `j') dot; ( signo de puntuación) period (AmE), full stop (BrE)

    a punto fijo — exactly, for certain

    ... y punto: lo harás y punto you'll do it and that's that; poner los puntos sobre las íes — ( aclarar algo) to make something crystal clear; ( detallar algo) to dot the i's and cross the t's; dos I

    2)
    a) (momento, lugar) point

    el punto donde ocurrió el accidentethe spot o place where the accident happened

    b) ( en geometría) point
    3) ( grado) point, extent

    hasta cierto punto tiene razón — she's right, up to a point

    hasta tal punto que... — so much so that...

    4) (asunto, aspecto) point

    los puntos a tratar en la reuniónthe matters o items on the agenda for the meeting

    a punto — ( a tiempo) just in time

    a punto DE + INF: estábamos a punto de cenar we were about to have dinner; estuvo a punto de caerse he almost fell over; a punto de llorar on the verge of tears; en su punto just right; al punto (Esp) at once; en punto: te espero a las 12 en punto I'll expect you at 12 o'clock sharp; son las tres en punto it's exactly three o'clock; llegaron en punto they arrived exactly on time; de todo punto — absolutely, totally

    6)
    a) (en costura, labores) stitch

    hacer punto — (Esp) to knit

    punto en boca — (fam)

    tú punto en bocakeep your mouth shut

    b) ( en cirugía) tb
    7) (Dep, Jueg) point; (Educ) point, mark; (Fin) point

    tiene dos punto de ventaja sobre Clark — he is two points ahead of Clark, he has a two point advantage over Clark

    matarle el punto a alguien — (CS fam) to go one better than somebody

    8) (Per, RPl arg) ( tonto) idiot

    agarrar or tomar a alguien de punto — (Per, RPl arg)

    lo agarraron de punto — ( burlándose de él) they made him the butt of their jokes; ( aprovechándose de él) they took him for a ride

    * * *
    1)
    a) (señal, trazo) dot

    un punto en el horizontea dot o speck on the horizon

    b) (Ling) (sobre la `i', la `j') dot; ( signo de puntuación) period (AmE), full stop (BrE)

    a punto fijo — exactly, for certain

    ... y punto: lo harás y punto you'll do it and that's that; poner los puntos sobre las íes — ( aclarar algo) to make something crystal clear; ( detallar algo) to dot the i's and cross the t's; dos I

    2)
    a) (momento, lugar) point

    el punto donde ocurrió el accidentethe spot o place where the accident happened

    b) ( en geometría) point
    3) ( grado) point, extent

    hasta cierto punto tiene razón — she's right, up to a point

    hasta tal punto que... — so much so that...

    4) (asunto, aspecto) point

    los puntos a tratar en la reuniónthe matters o items on the agenda for the meeting

    a punto — ( a tiempo) just in time

    a punto DE + INF: estábamos a punto de cenar we were about to have dinner; estuvo a punto de caerse he almost fell over; a punto de llorar on the verge of tears; en su punto just right; al punto (Esp) at once; en punto: te espero a las 12 en punto I'll expect you at 12 o'clock sharp; son las tres en punto it's exactly three o'clock; llegaron en punto they arrived exactly on time; de todo punto — absolutely, totally

    6)
    a) (en costura, labores) stitch

    hacer punto — (Esp) to knit

    punto en boca — (fam)

    tú punto en bocakeep your mouth shut

    b) ( en cirugía) tb
    7) (Dep, Jueg) point; (Educ) point, mark; (Fin) point

    tiene dos punto de ventaja sobre Clark — he is two points ahead of Clark, he has a two point advantage over Clark

    matarle el punto a alguien — (CS fam) to go one better than somebody

    8) (Per, RPl arg) ( tonto) idiot

    agarrar or tomar a alguien de punto — (Per, RPl arg)

    lo agarraron de punto — ( burlándose de él) they made him the butt of their jokes; ( aprovechándose de él) they took him for a ride

    * * *
    punto1
    1 = point, pointer.

    Ex: Parts of the abstract are written in the informative style, whilst those points which are of less significance are treated indicatively.

    Ex: Seven pointers follow which are useful for discriminating between documents to be abstracted and those not worth abstracting.
    * aclarar un punto = clarify + point.
    * adoptar un punto de vista = embrace + view.
    * analizar desde un punto de vista crítico = cast + a critical eye over.
    * argumento que presenta los dos puntos de vista = two-sided argument.
    * argumento que presenta sólo un punto de vista = one-sided argument.
    * comprender un punto de vista = take + point.
    * desde cualquier punto de vista = by any standard(s).
    * desde el punto de vista de la nutrición = in terms of, from the vantage of, as far as + Nombre + be + concerned, mitotically, nutritionally speaking, nutritionally.
    * desde el punto de vista del trabajador = in the trenches.
    * desde el punto de vista de la archivística = archivally.
    * desde el punto de vista de la calidad = on quality grounds.
    * desde el punto de vista de la competitividad = competitively.
    * desde el punto de vista de la conservación = preservationally.
    * desde el punto de vista de la funcionalidad = functionally.
    * desde el punto de vista de la informática = computationally.
    * desde el punto de vista de la logística = logistically.
    * desde el punto de vista de la medicina = medically.
    * desde el punto de vista de la música = musically.
    * desde el punto de vista de la notación = notationally.
    * desde el punto de vista de la química = chemically.
    * desde el punto de vista de la realidad = factually.
    * desde el punto de vista de las matemáticas = mathematically.
    * desde el punto de vista de la tonalidad = tonally.
    * desde el punto de vista del contexto = contextually.
    * desde el punto de vista del estilo = stylistically.
    * desde el punto de vista del funcionamiento = operationally.
    * desde el punto de vista del + Nombre = as seen through the eyes of + Nombre.
    * desde el punto de vista de los hechos = factually.
    * desde el punto de vista del uso = in terms of use.
    * desde el punto de vista de + Nombre = in + Nombre + eyes.
    * desde el punto de vista judicial = judicially.
    * desde el punto de vista lingüístico = linguistically.
    * desde el punto de vista político = politically.
    * desde el punto de vista profesional = career-wise [careerwise].
    * desde este punto de vista = viewed in this light.
    * desde mi punto de vista = in my opinion, in my view, in my books.
    * desde + punto de vista = against + backdrop.
    * desde todos los puntos de vista = in every sense.
    * desde un punto de vista académico = academically.
    * desde un punto de vista antropológico = anthropologically.
    * desde un punto de vista clínico = medically, clinically.
    * desde un punto de vista crítico = judgmentally [judgementally], with a critical eye, critically.
    * desde un punto de vista cultural = culturally.
    * desde un punto de vista económico = economically, monetarily.
    * desde un punto de vista estético = aesthetically [esthetically, -USA].
    * desde un punto de vista estrictamente técnico = technically speaking.
    * desde un punto de vista étnico = ethnically.
    * desde un punto de vista filosófico = philosophically.
    * desde un punto de vista general = in a broad sense.
    * desde un punto de vista histórico = historically.
    * desde un punto de vista más amplio = in a broader sense.
    * desde un punto de vista más general = in a broader sense.
    * desde un punto de vista médico = medically.
    * desde un punto de vista medioambiental = environmentally.
    * desde un punto de vista morfológico = morphologically.
    * desde un punto de vista operativo = operationally.
    * desde un punto de vista racista = racially + Adjetivo.
    * desde un punto de vista religioso = religiously.
    * desde un punto de vista socioeconómico = socioeconomically.
    * desde un punto de vista técnico = technically.
    * fiel desde el punto de vista de la historia = historically accurate.
    * manifestar un punto de vista = air + view.
    * mencionar un punto = touch on + a point.
    * mi punto de vista = in my view.
    * neutral desde el punto de vista de la raza = race-neutral.
    * no concebirse desde ningún punto de vista = be impossible under any hypothesis.
    * probar un punto = prove + point.
    * promover un punto de vista = promote + view.
    * punto a favor = asset.
    * punto conflictivo = hot spot.
    * punto de la agenda = agenda item.
    * punto del orden del día = agenda item.
    * punto de una agenda = item of business.
    * punto de vista = angle, point of view, side, stance, standpoint, view, viewpoint, outlook, eye, world view [worldview/world-view], bent of mind.
    * punto principal = main point.
    * puntos a favor y puntos en contra = pros and cons.
    * puntos comunes = common ground.
    * puntos principales = key issues.
    * puntos secundarios = secondary points.
    * que consta de tres puntos = three-point.
    * sostener un punto de vista = assert + view, hold + point of view.
    * tener en cuenta un punto de vista = contemplate + view.
    * tener en cuenta un punto de vista = take into + account + viewpoint.
    * tocar un punto = touch on + a point.
    * ver Algo desde el punto de vista + Adjetivo = view + Nombre + through + Adjetivo + eyes.

    punto2

    Ex: Readers like bullet points because they are visually appealing and make it easy to quickly find pertinent information.

    * alcanzar el punto crítico = come to + a head.
    * alcanzar el punto culminante = climax.
    * alcanzar el punto más álgido = peak, come into + full bloom.
    * alcanzar + Posesivo + punto álgido = reach + Posesivo + peak.
    * a punto de = on the verge of, a heartbeat away from.
    * a punto de + Infinitivo = about to + Infinitivo.
    * a punto de irse a pique = on the rocks.
    * a punto de morir = on + Posesivo + deathbed.
    * el punto más bajo = rock-bottom.
    * encontrar el punto medio = strike + the right note.
    * en qué punto = at what point.
    * en su punto = ripe [riper -comp., ripest -sup.].
    * en su punto más álgido = at its height.
    * en su punto más bajo = at its lowest ebb.
    * en un punto bajo = at a low ebb.
    * estar a punto de = be poised to, be about to, be on the point of, stand + poised, come + very close to.
    * estar a punto de cascarlas = be on + Posesivo + last legs.
    * estar a punto de decir = be on the tip of + Posesivo + tongue to say.
    * estar a punto de + Infinitivo = be about + Infinitivo.
    * fichero de punto de acceso = access-point file.
    * hasta cierto punto = up to a point, to some degree, to some extent.
    * hasta el punto de = to the point of, up to the point of.
    * hasta el punto que = up to the point where, to the point where.
    * hasta qué punto = how far, the extent to which, to what extent.
    * hasta tal punto + Adjetivo = such a + Nombre.
    * hasta tal punto que = to a point where.
    * hasta un punto limitado = to a limited extent.
    * las cosas + volver + a su punto de partida = the wheel + turn + full circle.
    * llegado este punto = at this juncture.
    * llegado un punto = beyond a certain point, beyond a point.
    * llegar al punto álgido = reach + a head.
    * llegar al punto crítico = come to + a head.
    * llegar al punto de = be at the point of.
    * llegar al punto de + Infinitivo = go + (as/so) far as + Infinitivo.
    * llegar a un punto crítico = reach + turning point.
    * no tener ni punto de comparación = be in a different league.
    * pasado un punto = beyond a certain point, beyond a point.
    * poner a punto = overhaul, hone, fine tune [fine-tune], tune-up.
    * primer punto de contacto = port of first call.
    * primer punto de contacto, el = first port of call, the.
    * puesta a punto = fine tuning [fine-tuning], tuning, tune-up.
    * punto álgido = peak.
    * punto a punto = point-to-point.
    * punto central = focal point.
    * punto ciego = blind spot.
    * punto clave = key point, watershed, tipping point.
    * punto crítico = turning point, Posesivo + road to Damascus.
    * punto culminante = zenith, climax, peak, capstone.
    * punto de acceso = access point, entry point, entry term, index entry, retrieval access, search key, access point, service point, point of access, entrance point.
    * punto de apoyo = foothold.
    * punto débil = downside, weak point, weak link.
    * punto débil, el = chink in the armour, the.
    * punto débl = blind spot.
    * punto de contacto = point of contact, interface, contact point.
    * punto de convergencia = junction point, similarity.
    * punto de discusión = bone of contention.
    * punto de distribución = outlet.
    * punto de divergencia = stepping-off point.
    * punto de división = break.
    * punto de encuentro = meeting point.
    * punto de entrada = entry point, entrance point, point of entry.
    * punto de equilibrio = break-even, break-even point.
    * punto de información = information kiosk.
    * punto de interés = point of interest.
    * punto de llegada = point of arrival.
    * punto de luz = power point, electrical outlet, socket outlet, outlet.
    * punto de partida = point of departure, starting point, take-off point, baseline [base line], beginning point.
    * punto de penalti, el = penalty mark, the.
    * punto de recepción y envío = shipping point.
    * punto de recogida = pick-up point, drop-off point.
    * punto de referencia = benchmark, frame of reference, signpost, signposting, point of reference, anchor, anchor point, referral point, switching point, reference point, reference point.
    * punto de referencia común = common framework.
    * punto de ruptura = breaking point.
    * punto de separación = cut-off point, stepping-off point, cut off [cutoff].
    * punto de servicio = service point.
    * punto de una lista = bullet point.
    * punto de venta = outlet, point of sale.
    * punto esencial = essential point.
    * punto final = end point [endpoint].
    * punto flaco = foible, weak point, blind spot, weak link.
    * punto flaco, el = chink in the armour, the.
    * punto fuerte = strength, upside, forte, strong point.
    * punto g, el = G-spot, the.
    * punto intermedio = middle ground.
    * punto medio = happy medium, mid-point.
    * punto muerto = dead end, impasse, stalemate, dead end street, deadlock, standoff.
    * punto negro = blackhead.
    * punto positivo = asset.
    * puntos de acceso = entry vocabulary.
    * punto silla = saddle point.
    * ser el punto de partida de = form + the basis of.
    * ser el punto más débil de Alguien = be at + Posesivo + weakest.
    * ser el punto más flaco de Alguien = be at + Posesivo + weakest.
    * servir de punto de partida = point + the way to.
    * tomar como punto de partida = build on/upon.
    * volver al punto de partida = come + full circle, bring + Pronombre + full-circle, go back to + square one, be back to square one.

    punto3
    3 = dot, full stop (.), period, stop.

    Ex: Braille is the term used to refer to material intended for the visually impaired and using embossed characters formed by raised dots in six-dot cells.

    Ex: You have observed the correct use of the facet indicators. (full stop) for S and ' (single inverted comma) for T.
    Ex: For instance, to delete the period where the cursor is located, press the < Del> key.
    Ex: Such as categorisation may depend rather arbitrarily upon whether stops have been used between letters or not.
    * arco de medio punto = round arch.
    * arco de punto rebajado = segmental arch.
    * dos puntos (:) = colon (:).
    * dpi (puntos por pulgada) = dpi (dots per inch).
    * en el punto de mira = in the spotlight, in the crosshairs.
    * en + Posesivo + punto de mira = in + Posesivo + sights.
    * línea de puntos = dotted line.
    * matriz de puntos de impacto = impact dot matrix.
    * nube de puntos = scatterplot, cloud of points.
    * poner punto final a = put + an end to, bring + an end to, bring to + an end, close + the book on.
    * poner punto y final a = put + a stop to, sound + the death knell for.
    * punto (.) = point (.).
    * puntos por pulgada = dots per inch.
    * punto y coma (;) = semi-colon (;).
    * subrayar con puntos = underdot.

    punto4
    4 = point.

    Ex: Taking 197 as the base year, the price index of journals for an academic veterinary library has risen 143.00 points, an annual average of 15.89 points through 1986.

    * alcanzar el punto de ebullición = reach + boiling point.
    * punto de ebullición = boiling point.
    * punto de fundición = melting point.
    * punto de fusión = melting point, fusion point.
    * punto de saturación = saturation point.
    * punto porcentual = percentage point.
    * sistema de deducción de puntos = points system.

    punto5
    5 = stitch.

    Ex: It may be seen that one or more pairs of leaves, joined to each other at the back, are held in place by a double stitch of thread running up the fold.

    * aguja de hacer punto = knitting needle.
    * géneros de punto = knitwear.
    * hacer punto = knitting.
    * patrón de hacer punto = knitting pattern.
    * ¡punto en boca! = mum's the word!.
    * ¡punto en boca! = not a word to anyone!, shut your mouth!, shut your face!.

    * * *
    A
    1 (señal, trazo) dot
    desde el avión la ciudad se veía como un conjunto de puntos luminosos from the plane the city looked like a cluster of pinpoints of light o of bright dots
    el barco no era más que un punto en el horizonte the boat was no more than a dot o speck on the horizon
    2 ( Ling) (sobre la `i', la `j') dot; (signo de puntuación) period ( AmE), full stop ( BrE)
    a punto fijo exactly, for certain
    no le sabría decir a punto fijo cuándo llegan I couldn't tell you exactly o for certain when they will be arriving
    … y punto: si te parece mal se lo dices y punto if you don't like it you just tell him, that's all there is to it
    lo harás como yo digo y punto you'll do it the way I tell you and that's that, you'll do it the way I tell you, period ( AmE) o ( BrE) full stop
    poner los puntos sobre las íes (dejar algo en claro) to make sth crystal clear; (terminar algo con mucho cuidado) to dot the i's and cross the t's
    sin faltar un punto ni una coma down to the last detail
    dos1 (↑ dos (1))
    Compuestos:
    [ Vocabulary notes (Spanish) ] decimal point
    period ( AmE), full stop ( BrE)
    decidió poner punto final a sus relaciones he decided to end their relationship
    mpl ellipsis ( tech), suspension points (pl) ( AmE), dot, dot, dot
    period, new paragraph ( AmE), full stop, new paragraph ( BrE)
    semicolon
    period ( AmE), full stop ( BrE) ( no new paragraph)
    B
    1 (momento) point
    en ese punto de la conversación at that point in the conversation
    su popularidad alcanzó su punto más bajo his popularity reached its lowest ebb o point
    2 (lugar) point; (en geometría) point
    fijó la mirada en un punto lejano del horizonte she fixed her gaze on a distant point on the horizon
    están buscando un local en un punto céntrico they are looking for premises somewhere central
    en el punto en que la carretera se divide at the point where the road divides
    el punto donde ocurrió el accidente the spot o place where the accident happened
    Compuestos:
    ( Esp) ( Aviac) air mile
    crucial moment o point
    cardinal point
    blind spot
    critical point
    high point
    no hay ningún punto de apoyo para la escalera there is nowhere to lean the ladder
    constituía el punto de apoyo de su defensa it formed the cornerstone of his defense
    weak point
    a punto de caramelo ‹almíbar› caramelized
    (en su mejor momento) ( fam): este queso está a punto de caramelo this cheese is just right (for eating)
    yo no lo encuentro viejo, para mí está a punto de caramelo I don't think he's old, if you ask me he's in his prime o he's just right
    la situación está a punto de caramelo para otro golpe militar the situation is ripe for another military coup
    freezing point
    point of contact
    el movimiento tiene muchos puntos de contacto con el surrealismo the movement has a lot in common with surrealism
    checkpoint
    boiling point
    vanishing point
    melting point
    point of inflexion ( on a curve)
    ( Inf) breakpoint
    ( Esp) bookmark
    (de un rifle) front sight; (blanco) target; (objetivo) aim, objective; (punto de vista) point of view
    batir las claras a punto de nieve beat the egg whites until they form stiff peaks
    point of no return
    (sitio) starting point; (de un proceso, razonamiento) starting point
    esta dramática escalada tiene un claro punto de partida en los sucesos del mes pasado this dramatic escalation clearly has its origins in the events of last month
    punto de penalty or penalti
    penalty spot
    reference point
    meeting place, assembly point
    point of sale, outlet, sales outlet
    unique selling point
    (perspectiva) viewpoint, point of view; (opinión) views (pl)
    desde un punto de vista técnico from a technical viewpoint, from a technical point of view
    todos conocen mi punto de vista sobre este asunto you all know my views on this matter
    está en punto fijo toda la noche he is on guard duty all night
    weak point
    habrá que esperar a que las cosas lleguen a su punto medio we'll have to wait until things sort themselves out
    hay que buscar el punto medio entre las dos cosas you have to strike a balance between the two things
    ( Auto) neutral; ( Fin) break even point; (en negociaciones) deadlock
    las conversaciones han llegado a un punto muerto the talks have reached deadlock o stalemate
    el proceso está en punto muerto the process is deadlocked
    (en la carretera) black spot; (en la piel) blackhead
    ( Anat) nerve center*; (de una organización, un sistema) nerve center*
    un accidente en uno de los puntos neurálgicos de la ciudad an accident at one of the busiest spots o points in the city
    uno de los puntos neurálgicos de la economía one of the key elements of the economy
    C (grado) point, extent
    hasta cierto punto tiene razón she's right, up to a point
    hasta cierto punto me alegro de que se vaya to a certain extent o in a way I'm glad she's going
    claro que fue atento y amable, hasta tal punto que llegó a resultarnos pesado of course he was attentive and kind, so much so that it got a bit much for us
    D (asunto, aspecto) point
    en ese punto no estoy de acuerdo contigo I don't agree with you on that point
    los puntos a tratar en la reunión de hoy the matters o items on the agenda for today's meeting
    hay algunos puntos de coincidencia entre los dos enfoques the two approaches have some points in common
    analizamos la propuesta punto por punto we analyzed the proposal point by point
    E ( en locs):
    a punto (a tiempo) just in time
    has llegado a punto para ayudarme you've arrived just in time to help me
    a punto DE + INF:
    estábamos a punto de cenar cuando llamaste we were about to have dinner when you phoned
    estuvo a punto de matarse en el accidente he was nearly killed in the accident, he came within an inch of being killed in the accident
    estaba a punto de decírmelo cuando tú entraste she was on the point of telling me o she was about to tell me when you came in
    se notaba que estaba a punto de llorar you could see she was on the verge of tears
    en su punto just right
    el arroz está en su punto the rice is just right
    la carne estaba en su punto the meat was done to a turn
    al punto ( Esp); right away, at once, straightaway ( BrE)
    en punto: te espero a las 12 en punto I'll expect you at 12 o'clock sharp
    son las tres en punto it's exactly three o'clock
    llegaron en punto they arrived exactly on time, they arrived on the dot o dead on time ( colloq)
    de todo punto absolutely, totally
    eso es de todo punto inaceptable that is totally o completely unacceptable
    se negaba de todo punto a hacerlo she absolutely o flatly refused to do it
    F
    1 (en costura) stitch
    punto en boca ( fam): y ya saben, diga lo que diga él, nosotros punto en boca and remember, whatever he says, we keep our mouths shut
    le tuvieron que poner puntos she had to have stitches
    3 (en labores) stitch
    se me ha escapado un punto I've dropped a stitch
    hacer punto ( Esp); to knit
    Compuestos:
    backstitch
    chain stitch
    herringbone stitch
    cross-stitch
    herringbone stitch
    plain stitch
    purl stitch
    stocking stitch
    rib, ribbing
    stocking stitch
    garter stitch
    shadow stitch
    G
    1 (unidad) ( Dep, Jueg) point; ( Educ) point, mark
    venció por puntos he won on points
    tiene dos punto de ventaja sobre Clark he is two points ahead of Clark, he has a two point advantage over Clark
    pierdes dos puntos por cada falta de ortografía you lose two marks o points for every spelling mistake
    anotarse/marcarse un punto ( fam): la paella está exquisita, te has anotado un punto ten out of ten o ( BrE) full marks for the paella, it's delicious
    matarle el punto a algn (CS fam); to go one better than sb
    subir de punto «ira/admiración» to grow;
    «discusión» to heat up, grow heated
    2 ( Fin) point
    Compuestos:
    punto de or para partido
    match point
    break point
    punto de or para set
    set point
    percentage point
    H
    (poco, pizca): es orgulloso, con un punto de bravuconería he's proud, with just a touch o hint of boastfulness about him
    I
    1 (Per, RPl arg) (tonto) idiot
    agarrar or tomar a algn de punto (Per, RPl arg): lo han agarrado de punto (burlándose de él) they've made him the butt of their jokes; (aprovechándose de él) they've taken him for a ride ( colloq)
    la profesora me ha agarrado de punto the teacher has it in for me ( colloq)
    2 ( RPl arg) (tipo) guy ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    punto sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (señal, marca) dot

    b) (Ling) (sobre la `i', la `j') dot;

    ( signo de puntuación) period (AmE), full stop (BrE);

    punto final period (AmE), full stop (BrE);
    puntos suspensivos ellipsis (tech), suspension points (pl) (AmE), dot, dot, dot;
    punto y aparte period (AmE) o (BrE) full stop, new paragraph;
    punto y coma semicolon;
    punto com (Com, Inf) dot.com;
    a punto fijo exactly, for certain;
    … y punto … and that's that, … period (AmE);
    See Also→ dos
    2
    a) (momento, lugar) point;


    el punto donde ocurrió el accidente the spot o place where the accident happened;
    punto cardinal cardinal point ;
    punto ciego blind spot;
    punto de apoyo ( de palanca) fulcrum;
    no hay ningún punto de apoyo para la escalera there is nowhere to lean the ladder;
    punto de vista ( perspectiva) viewpoint, point of view;

    ( opinión) views;
    punto flaco/fuerte weak/strong point;

    punto muerto (Auto) neutral;

    ( en negociaciones) deadlock

    3 ( grado) point, extent;
    hasta cierto punto tiene razón she's right, up to a point;

    hasta tal punto que … so much so that …
    4 (asunto, aspecto) point;

    los puntos a tratar en la reunión the matters o items on the agenda for the meeting
    5 ( en locs)

    estábamos a punto de cenar we were about to have dinner;
    estuvo a punto de caerse he almost fell over;
    batir las claras a punto de nieve beat the egg whites until they form stiff peaks;
    en su punto just right;
    en punto: a las 12 en punto at 12 o'clock sharp;
    son las tres en punto it's exactly three o'clock;
    llegaron en punto they arrived exactly on time
    6
    a) (en costura, labores) stitch;


    hacer punto (Esp) to knit;
    punto (de) cruz cross-stitch
    b) ( en cirugía) tb


    7 ( unidad)
    a) Dep, Jueg) point;

    punto para partido/set (Méx) match/set point

    b) (Educ) point, mark;

    (Fin) point
    punto sustantivo masculino
    1 point
    punto de vista, point of view
    punto flaco, weak point
    punto muerto, (situación sin salida) deadlock, Auto neutral
    2 (lugar) place, point: está perdido en algún punto de Marruecos, it's way out somewhere in Morocco
    3 (pintado, dibujado) dot
    línea de puntos, dotted line
    4 (en una competición) point: le dieron tres puntos a Irlanda, Ireland scored three points
    5 (en un examen) mark: la pregunta vale dos puntos, the question is worth two marks
    6 Cost Med stitch: se le infectó un punto, one of the stitches became infected
    7 (grado, medida) point: hasta cierto punto, to a certain extent
    8 Ling full stop
    dos puntos, colon
    punto y aparte, full stop, new paragraph
    punto y coma, semicolon
    puntos suspensivos, dots
    ♦ Locuciones: hacer punto, to knit
    a punto, ready
    a punto de, on the point of
    en punto, sharp, on the dot: a las seis en punto, at six o'clock sharp
    Culin en su punto, just right
    ' punto' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    álgida
    - álgido
    - aparte
    - borde
    - cadeneta
    - caer
    - caramelo
    - cardinal
    - cerca
    - cierta
    - cierto
    - coincidir
    - coma
    - concretar
    - culminante
    - cúspide
    - débil
    - desde
    - distanciarse
    - ebullición
    - Ecuador
    - este
    - extrema
    - extremo
    - flaca
    - flaco
    - fuerte
    - luminosa
    - luminoso
    - mareada
    - mareado
    - media
    - medio
    - muerta
    - muerto
    - nivel
    - novedosa
    - novedoso
    - para
    - puesta
    - referencia
    - regresar
    - relativamente
    - respetable
    - sazón
    - sesgar
    - talón
    - tanta
    - tanto
    - tomate
    English:
    about
    - angle
    - aspect
    - bankrupt
    - benchmark
    - blackhead
    - boiling point
    - cardigan
    - certain
    - chink
    - circle
    - climax
    - close
    - cluster
    - coast
    - conclude
    - contention
    - cottage industry
    - crop up
    - cross-stitch
    - crossroads
    - crunch
    - culmination
    - cut-off
    - deadlock
    - degree
    - dot
    - essential
    - extent
    - eye
    - failing
    - feature
    - focal point
    - follow through
    - foothold
    - forthcoming
    - freezing point
    - full stop
    - head
    - height
    - high
    - impasse
    - interface
    - item
    - just
    - knit
    - knitting
    - knitting needle
    - knitwear
    - labour
    * * *
    nm
    1. [marca] dot, spot;
    [en geometría] point;
    recorte por la línea de puntos cut along the dotted line
    punto de fuga vanishing point
    2. [signo ortográfico] [al final de frase] Br full stop, US period;
    [sobre i, j, en dirección de correo electrónico] dot;
    dos puntos colon;
    Fam
    no vas a ir, y punto you're not going, and that's that;
    poner los puntos sobre las íes to dot the i's and cross the t's
    Bol, Perú punto acápite semicolon;
    punto y aparte Br full stop o US period, new paragraph;
    punto y coma semicolon;
    punto final Br full stop, US period;
    poner punto final a algo to bring sth to an end;
    punto y seguido Br full stop, US period [no new paragraph];
    puntos suspensivos suspension points
    3. [unidad] [en juegos, competiciones, exámenes, bolsa] point;
    ganar/perder por seis puntos to win/lose by six points;
    ganar por puntos [en boxeo] to win on points;
    el índice Dow Jones ha subido seis puntos the Dow Jones index is up six points;
    los tipos de interés bajarán un punto interest rates will go down by one (percentage) point
    punto de break break point;
    punto de juego game point;
    punto de partido match point;
    punto porcentual percentage point;
    punto de set set point
    4. [asunto, parte] point;
    pasemos al siguiente punto let's move on to the next point;
    te lo explicaré punto por punto I'll explain it to you point by point;
    tenemos los siguientes puntos a tratar we have the following items on the agenda
    punto débil weak point;
    punto fuerte strong point
    5. [lugar] spot, place;
    éste es el punto exacto donde ocurrió todo this is the exact spot where it all happened;
    hay retenciones en varios puntos de la provincia there are delays at several different points across the province
    punto de apoyo [en palanca] fulcrum; Ling punto de articulación point of articulation;
    los puntos cardinales the points of the compass, Espec the cardinal points;
    punto ciego [en el ojo] blind spot;
    punto de encuentro meeting point;
    Dep punto fatídico penalty spot;
    punto G g-spot;
    punto de inflexión tipping point;
    punto de mira [en armas] sight;
    está en mi punto de mira [es mi objetivo] I have it in my sights;
    punto negro [en la piel] blackhead;
    [en carretera] accident Br blackspot o US hot spot;
    punto neurálgico [de ser vivo, organismo] nerve centre;
    la plaza mayor es el punto neurálgico de la ciudad the main square is the town's busiest crossroads;
    éste es el punto neurálgico de la negociación this is the central issue at stake in the negotiations;
    punto de partida starting point;
    punto de penalti o penalty penalty spot;
    punto de referencia point of reference;
    punto de reunión meeting point;
    Com punto de venta:
    en el punto de venta at the point of sale;
    tenemos puntos de venta en todo el país we have (sales) outlets across the country;
    punto de venta autorizado authorized dealer;
    punto de venta electrónico electronic point of sale;
    punto de vista point of view, viewpoint;
    bajo mi punto de vista… in my view…;
    desde el punto de vista del dinero… in terms of money…
    6. [momento] point, moment;
    lo dejamos en este punto del debate y seguimos tras la publicidad we'll have to leave the discussion here for the moment, we'll be back after the break;
    al punto at once, there and then;
    en punto exactly, on the dot;
    a las seis en punto at six o'clock on the dot, at six o'clock sharp;
    son las seis en punto it's (exactly) six o'clock;
    estar a punto to be ready;
    estuve a punto de cancelar el viaje I was on the point of cancelling the trip;
    estamos a punto de firmar un importante contrato we are on the verge o point of signing an important contract;
    estaba a punto de salir cuando… I was about to leave when…;
    estuvo a punto de morir ahogada she almost drowned;
    llegar a punto (para hacer algo) to arrive just in time (to do sth)
    punto crítico critical moment o point; [de reactor] critical point;
    alcanzar el punto crítico [reactor] to go critical
    7. [estado, fase] state, condition;
    estando las cosas en este punto things being as they are;
    llegar a un punto en que… to reach the stage where…;
    estar en su punto to be just right;
    ¿cómo quiere el filete? – a punto o [m5] al punto how would you like your steak? – medium, please;
    poner a punto [motor] to tune;
    Fig [sistema, método] to fine-tune punto de congelación freezing point;
    punto culminante high point;
    punto de ebullición boiling point;
    punto de fusión melting point;
    punto muerto [en automóviles] neutral;
    Fig [en negociaciones] deadlock;
    estar en un punto muerto [negociaciones] to be deadlocked;
    ir en punto muerto [automóvil] to freewheel;
    punto de nieve: [m5] batir a punto de nieve to beat until stiff
    8. [grado] degree;
    de todo punto [completamente] absolutely;
    hasta cierto punto to some extent, up to a point;
    el ruido era infernal, hasta el punto de no oír nada o [m5] de que no se oía nada the noise was so bad that you couldn't hear a thing;
    hasta tal punto que to such an extent that
    9. [cláusula] clause
    10. [puntada] [en costura, en cirugía] stitch;
    [en unas medias] hole;
    tienes o [m5] se te ha escapado un punto en el jersey you've pulled a stitch out of your jumper, you've got a loose stitch on your jumper;
    le dieron diez puntos en la frente he had to have ten stitches to his forehead;
    coger puntos to pick up stitches
    punto atrás backstitch;
    punto de cadeneta chain stitch;
    punto de cruz cross-stitch;
    Med punto de sutura suture
    11. [estilo de tejer] knitting;
    un jersey de punto a knitted sweater;
    prendas de punto knitwear;
    hacer punto to knit
    punto de ganchillo crochet
    12. [pizca, toque] touch;
    son comentarios un punto racistas they are somewhat racist remarks
    13. Arquit
    de medio punto [arco, bóveda] semicircular
    14. Esp Fam [borrachera ligera]
    cogerse/tener un punto to get/be merry
    15. Esp Fam [reacción, estado de ánimo]
    le dan unos puntos muy raros he can be really weird sometimes;
    le dio el punto generoso he had a fit of generosity
    16. Esp Fam [cosa estupenda]
    ¡qué punto! that's great o fantastic!
    17. Comp
    RP Fam
    agarrar a alguien de punto to tease sb, Br to take the mickey out of sb
    punto com nf
    [empresa] dotcom
    * * *
    m
    1 point;
    punto por punto point by point;
    ganar por puntos win on points
    2 señal dot;
    en punto on the dot;
    a las tres en punto at three sharp, at three on the dot
    3 signo de punctuación period, Br
    full stop;
    dos puntos colon;
    punto y coma semicolon;
    con puntos y comas fig in full detail;
    poner punto final a algo fig end sth, put an end to sth;
    y punto period;
    poner los puntos sobre las íes fam make things crystal clear;
    empresa punto.com dot.com (company)
    4 en costura, sutura stitch;
    de punto knitted
    5
    :
    a punto ( listo) ready; (a tiempo) in time llegar a punto para … arrive just in time to …;
    estar a punto be ready;
    estar a punto de be about to;
    el arroz está en su punto the rice is ready;
    :
    hasta cierto punto up to a point;
    hasta qué punto to what extent;
    me pregunto hasta qué punto lo que dice es verdad o una exageración I wonder how much of what he says is true and how much is exaggeration;
    hasta tal punto que to such an extent that
    7
    :
    batir las claras a punto de nieve beat the egg whites until they form stiff peaks
    * * *
    punto nm
    1) : dot, point
    2) : period (in punctuation)
    3) : item, question
    4) : spot, place
    5) : moment, stage, degree
    6) : point (in a score)
    7) : stitch
    8)
    en punto : on the dot, sharp
    a las dos en punto: at two o'clock sharp
    9)
    al punto : at once
    a punto fijo : exactly, certainly
    dos puntos : colon
    hasta cierto punto : up to a point
    punto decimal : decimal point
    punto de vista : point of view
    punto y coma : semicolon
    y punto : period
    es el mejor que hay y punto: it's the best there is, period
    puntos cardinales : points of the compass
    * * *
    1. (en general) point
    2. (señal) dot
    3. (lugar) spot / place
    ¿en qué punto de la ciudad? where exactly in the city?
    4. (puntada) stitch

    Spanish-English dictionary > punto

  • 12 Bedson, George

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 3 November 1820 Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire, England
    d. 12 December 1884 Manchester (?), England
    [br]
    English metallurgist, inventor of the continuous rolling mill.
    [br]
    He acquired a considerable knowledge of wire-making in his father's works before he took a position in 1839 at the works of James Edleston at Warrington. From there, in 1851, he went to Manchester as Manager of Richard Johnson \& Sons' wire mill, where he remained for the rest of his life. It was there that he initiated several important improvements in the manufacture of wire. These included a system of circulating puddling furnace water bottoms and sides, and a galvanizing process. His most important innovation, however, was the continuous mill for producing iron rod for wiredrawing. Previously the red-hot iron billets had to be handled repeatedly through a stand or set of rolls to reduce the billet to the required shape, with time and heat being lost at each handling. In Bedson's continuous mill, the billet entered the first of a succession of stands placed as closely to each other as possible and emerged from the final one as rod suitable for wiredrawing, without any intermediate handling. A second novel feature was that alternate rolls were arranged vertically to save turning the piece manually through a right angle. That improved the quality as well as the speed of production. Bedson's first continuous mill was erected in Manchester in 1862 and had sixteen stands in tandem. A mill on this principle had been patented the previous year by Charles While of Pontypridd, South Wales, but it was Bedson who made it work and brought it into use commercially. A difficult problem to overcome was that as the piece being rolled lengthened, its speed increased, so that each pair of rolls had to increase correspondingly. The only source of power was a steam engine working a single drive shaft, but Bedson achieved the greater speeds by using successively larger gear-wheels at each stand.
    Bedson's first mill was highly successful, and a second one was erected at the Manchester works; however, its application was limited to the production of small bars, rods and sections. Nevertheless, Bedson's mill established an important principle of rolling-mill design that was to have wider applications in later years.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1884, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 27:539–40. W.K.V.Gale, 1969, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans, pp. 81–2.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Bedson, George

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